Short answers, pulled from the story.
Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal Emperor, born on the 5th of January 1592 in Lahore and reigning from 1628 until his deposition in 1658. He died on the 22nd of January 1666, having spent his final eight years imprisoned in Agra Fort by his son Aurangzeb.
Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died on the 7th of June 1631 in Burhanpur after thirty hours of labor, aged thirty-eight. Contemporary accounts describe Shah Jahan as paralysed by grief after her death. The building took twenty years to complete and was constructed from white marble underlaid with brick.
When Jahangir died in 1627, Shah Jahan's father-in-law Asaf Khan moved quickly to put his sister Nur Jahan under confinement and secure control of the succession. Shah Jahan then defeated his rival brother Shahryar Mirza and on the 23rd of January 1628 ordered the execution of Shahryar, two nephews, and two cousins to eliminate all rival claimants.
Shah Jahan died on the 22nd of January 1666 at age seventy-four, in Agra Fort where he had been imprisoned since 1658. He was buried in the Taj Mahal beside his wife Mumtaz Mahal. His son Aurangzeb denied the state funeral his daughter Jahanara had planned and ordered only a simple interment.
Nur Jahan, Shah Jahan's stepmother, wielded near-total power during the later years of Jahangir's reign and supported her son-in-law Shahryar as heir instead of Shah Jahan. After Shah Jahan secured the throne, he stripped Nur Jahan of all authority, economic grants, and honors, and placed her under house arrest.
The Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Sindh, was built in 1647 roughly 100 kilometres from Karachi. It has 93 domes constructed from red brick with blue glazed tiles and was built with acoustics allowing speech above 100 decibels at one end to be heard at the other. It has been on the tentative UNESCO World Heritage List since 1993.