Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed on the 14th of April 1931 after King Alfonso XIII went into exile. This event followed a landslide victory for republicans in the municipal elections held on the 12th of April 1931.
Articles 26 and 27 imposed strict limits on religious orders, prohibiting them from teaching. The constitution stripped the Spanish nobility of special legal status and ended Catholicism's role as the state religion.
General Eduardo López Ochoa led the army forces that crushed the rebellion in Asturias. This operation earned him the nickname Butcher of Asturias.
The killing of José Calvo Sotelo transformed a limping conspiracy into a revolt capable of triggering civil war. Franco changed his mind on rebellion within hours of learning of the murder and dispatched a message to Mola displaying firm commitment three days later.
Madrid fell in March 1939 ending the war. An estimated total of half a million people died during the conflict.