When did Alhazen write his Book of Optics to deduce that outer space was less dense than air?
Alhazen wrote his Book of Optics in 1027. He measured the refraction of light and concluded that the heavens were rarer than the atmosphere below.
Questions about Scientific method
Short answers, pulled from the story.
What date did James Watson see the X-ray diffraction image showing an X-shape pattern for DNA?
On Friday, the 30th of January 1953, Watson saw the X-ray diffraction image showing an X-shape pattern. He immediately recognized the helical structure of DNA.
Who died by ball lightning while attempting to replicate Benjamin Franklin's kite-flying experiment from 1752?
Georg Wilhelm Richmann died by ball lightning in 1753 while attempting to replicate Benjamin Franklin's kite-flying experiment from 1752. Scientists assume openness and accountability when experimenting to ensure results can be reproduced by others.
In what year did Daniel Thurs conclude that the scientific method is a myth or idealization?
Daniel Thurs concluded in his 2015 book Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science that the scientific method is a myth or idealization. Philosophers Robert Nola and Howard Sankey debated these claims in their 2007 book Theories of Scientific Method.
When did John Ioannidis point out that current methods led to many findings that could not be replicated?
John Ioannidis pointed out in 2005 that current methods led to many findings that could not be replicated. Journals like Nature and Science require researchers to archive data so others can test it.