Short answers, pulled from the story.
The term scientific method emerged in the nineteenth century as a result of significant institutional development of science. This development established clear boundaries between science and non-science, such as scientist and pseudoscience.
Alhazen published his Book of Optics in 1027. This work stands as a testament to the power of controlled experiments and used measurements of the refraction of light to deduce that outer space was less dense than air.
Watson saw Rosalind Franklin's Photo 51 on Friday, the 30th of January 1953. This detailed X-ray diffraction image showed an X-shape and confirmed the helical structure of DNA.
The validation of Einstein's theory of general relativity occurred during the solar eclipse of the 29th of May 1919. Two expeditions to Sobral, Ceará, Brazil, and the island of Principe yielded photographs that supported General Relativity rather than Newtonian gravitation.
Paul Feyerabend argued against there being any universal rules of science in the 1975 first edition of his book Against Method. This stance questioned the universality of the scientific method and replaced the notion of science as a homogeneous and universal method with that of it being a heterogeneous and local practice.