Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ancient Egyptian scribes developed a non-positional decimal numbering system in the 3rd millennium BCE. They used this system to solve practical problems using geometry and created calendars alongside healing therapies involving drug treatments, prayers, and incantations.
Thales of Miletus founded the Milesian school as the first group to attempt explaining natural phenomena without relying on the supernatural. His successors Anaximander and Anaximenes continued this work while Pythagoreans later developed complex number philosophy that contributed significantly to mathematical science.
The House of Wisdom was established in Baghdad, Iraq during the Abbasid period where Islamic study of Aristotelianism flourished until the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. Ibn al-Haytham conducted controlled experiments there while Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine became one of the most important publications in medicine used until the 18th century.
Nicolaus Copernicus formulated a heliocentric model of the Solar System in the 16th century stating that planets revolve around the Sun instead of Earth. Johannes Kepler improved this model through the discovery of Kepler's laws of planetary motion while Galileo made significant contributions to astronomy before being sentenced by Pope Urban VIII for writing about the heliocentric model.
The professionalisation of science began in the 19th century through the creation of national academies of sciences following earlier institutions like the Italian Accademia dei Lincei formed in 1603 and the British Royal Society in 1660. The American National Academy of Sciences appeared in 1863 while the German Kaiser Wilhelm Society was established in 1911 and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1949.