Short answers, pulled from the story.
Romanticism began in 1774 when Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published The Sorrows of Young Werther. This novel triggered a wave of emotional response across Europe that defined the early movement.
William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge launched the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads in 1798. Lord Byron achieved enormous fame throughout Europe with works including Childe Harold's Pilgrimage published between 1812 and 1818.
Romantic architecture reached its peak in the mid-nineteenth century and continued until the end of the nineteenth century. The Cologne Cathedral in Germany finally finished in 1880 after construction halted in 1473.
Musical Romanticism is generally regarded as having ceased as a major artistic force only as late as 1910. Richard Strauss composed his Four Last Songs stylistically as Late Romantic between 1946 and 1948.
The Polish intelligentsia left Poland in the early 1830s during what is referred to as the Great Emigration. Their work became increasingly dominated by ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country's sovereignty while resettled in France, Germany, and the United States.