Short answers, pulled from the story.
Richard III reigned as King of England from the 26th of June 1483 until his death on the 22nd of August 1485. His reign lasted just over two years, ending at the Battle of Bosworth Field where he was killed by Henry Tudor's forces.
Richard III died on the 22nd of August 1485 during a cavalry charge he led deep into enemy ranks in an attempt to reach Henry Tudor directly. He was surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed. The skeleton identified in 2013 showed eleven wounds, eight of them to the skull, with two injuries to the base of the skull identified as the most likely cause of death.
Richard III's remains were found in 2012 beneath a car park in Leicester, England, on the site of the former Greyfriars Church. The University of Leicester confirmed the identification on the 4th of February 2013 using mitochondrial DNA matched to Michael Ibsen, a sixteenth-generation descendant of Richard's sister Anne of York, along with radiocarbon dating, soil analysis, and physical characteristics consistent with contemporary accounts.
Edward V and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, known as the Princes in the Tower, disappeared from sight around August 1483, shortly after Richard III's coronation on the 6th of July. The facts of their disappearance remain unknown. Richard III has historically been the primary suspect, though other figures including Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Henry VII have also been proposed as responsible.
Richard III founded the Court of Requests in December 1483, giving poor people access to legal hearings they could not otherwise afford. In January 1484 he improved bail protections for suspected felons. He founded the College of Arms in 1484, banned restrictions on book printing and sales, and ordered laws translated from French into English. Parliament under his rule also required that land sales be published, set property qualifications for jurors, and ended the arbitrary fund-raising practice known as benevolence.
Richard III's negative reputation was shaped largely by Tudor-era writers who had political reasons to discredit him. Historians John Rous, Thomas More, and Polydore Vergil portrayed him as physically deformed and morally corrupt, emphasising outward abnormality as a sign of inner wickedness. Shakespeare's play Richard III amplified these characterisations for centuries. The Richard III Society, founded in 1924, has argued that much of this portrayal constitutes propaganda serving to legitimise Henry VII's seizure of the throne.