Short answers, pulled from the story.
The term preposition stranding entered the linguistic lexicon in 1964. Before that year, linguists called it a sentence-terminal preposition or simply a preposition at the end of a clause.
English and other Germanic languages allow this construction freely. Vata and Gbadi which belong to the Niger Congo family also exhibit similar patterns.
Wh-movement involves question words like who what when where why and how creating a dependency between a sentence-initial element and a gap later in the structure. When the object of a preposition moves to the front the preposition remains behind in some languages but not all.
Sluicing deletes the sentential portion of a constituent question while keeping the wh-phrase with the preposition sitting inside that deleted material before the final cut. The theory of preposition stranding generalization claims that if a language permits stranding during wh-movement it must also allow it during sluicing though this rule does not hold universally.
H. W. Fowler noted in 1926 that keeping prepositions early was a cherished superstition. John Dryden objected to Ben Jonson's 1611 phrase the bodies that those souls were frighted from in 1672 and Joshua Poole offered the earliest attested disparagement of the construction in the seventeenth century.