Short answers, pulled from the story.
King Dinis of Portugal instituted the maritime insurance fund on the 10th of May 1293. This initiative supported Portuguese merchants operating within the County of Flanders and facilitated exports such as wine, dried fruits, salt, leather, and kermes dye to northern Europe.
King Dinis of Portugal appointed Genoese merchant sailor Manuel Pessanha as the first Admiral in 1317. The agreement required twenty warships and crews to defend the country against Muslim pirate raids while granting trade privileges to Pessanha.
Prince Henry the Navigator died in 1460 following decades of encouraging maritime exploration and holding profitable monopolies on Algarve resources. He retired to Sagres at Portugal's southern tip after suffering defeat at Tangier in 1437.
The Treaty of Alcáçovas signed in 1479 formally established Portuguese control over the Azores Guinea Elmina Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. Castile retained possession of the Canary Islands under the terms of this agreement which also defined spheres of influence along the African coast.
Vasco da Gama's squadron departed Portugal on the 8th of July 1497 with four ships carrying 170 men. The fleet reached Calicut by May 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and hiring a local pilot to guide them across the Indian Ocean.
Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Hormuz state at the head of the Persian Gulf in 1515 making it vassal territory. This victory allowed Portugal to contest Ottoman spice trade control and maintain dominance over much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years.