Short answers, pulled from the story.
Auguste Rodin created the bronze statue known as The Thinker in the early 20th century. This sculpture captures a moment of intense mental struggle and serves as the universal symbol for philosophy.
The word philosophy entered the English language by the 12th century through Old French. It carried meanings of deep wisdom, advanced study, and the love of truth before its scope narrowed to a specific discipline.
Al-Kindi, who lived from 801 to 873 CE, is regarded as the first philosopher of the Arabic and Persian tradition. He translated and interpreted works of Aristotle and Neoplatonists to show that there is a harmony between reason and faith.
The four core branches of philosophy mentioned are epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epistemology studies knowledge, ethics studies right conduct, logic studies correct reasoning, and metaphysics studies the most general features of reality.
The classical period of Indian philosophy began roughly 200 BCE. This era saw the emergence of six orthodox schools of Hinduism, including Nyāyá, Vaiśeśika, and Sānkhya.
Adi Shankara, who lived until 750 CE, systematized the school of Advaita Vedanta. He held that everything is one and that the impression of a universe consisting of many distinct entities is an illusion.