Short answers, pulled from the story.
Philip II of Spain was born on the 21st of May 1527 inside the Palacio de Pimentel in Valladolid. His early years were shaped by the court of Castile under the care of royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas until his mother Isabella of Portugal died in 1539.
Philip II of Spain inherited a debt of about 36 million ducats from his father Emperor Charles V along with an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This burden caused him to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 while lenders held no power to force repayment despite New World income funding his foreign policy.
Spanish culture flourished during Philip II of Spain's reign beginning what historians call the Spanish Golden Age. A fire in Valladolid in 1561 prompted Philip to move his Court to Madrid where he converted the Royal Alcázar into a royal palace between 1561 and 1598 using tradesmen from the Netherlands Italy and France.
Fear of Islamic domination caused Philip II of Spain to pursue aggressive foreign policy after Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands in 1558. The grave threat posed by increasing Ottoman domination reversed with destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 under Don John of Austria.
Young King Sebastian of Portugal died without descendants at Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578 triggering succession crisis that allowed Philip II of Spain to claim the throne. Philip marched into Portugal defeating Prior António's troops in Battle of Alcântara in 1580 before being crowned Philip I of Portugal on the 17th of July 1580 recognized by Cortes of Tomar.
Philip II of Spain died on the 13th of September 1598 at El Escorial aged 71 after prolonged illness likely cancer surrounded by priests family and trusted officials. His personal chamber was divided into main room bedroom study oratory following layout monastery father where he continued review state papers correspondence despite severe pain during final months.