Short answers, pulled from the story.
Great Britain transported an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts and political prisoners to overseas colonies in the Americas between the 1610s and 1776. Large-scale resumption began with the departure of the First Fleet to Australia in 1787, continuing until 1868.
Penal transportation legally functioned as a condition of pardon rather than a sentence itself. It emerged as an alternative punishment when colonies developed to send convicts representing a menace to the community away to distant lands.
Women went to Leeward Islands, the only colony accepting them, while government paid transport costs. Jamaica refused groups of prisoners in 1696 because most were women, and Barbados similarly excluded women, children, or infirm persons.
The fleet arrived at Botany Bay on the 18th of January 1788 then moved to Sydney Cove establishing permanent European settlement. Norfolk Island east of Australian mainland served as convict penal settlement from 1788 to 1794 and again from 1824 to 1847.
During Second World War, Soviet Union transported up to 1.9 million people from western republics to Siberia and Central Asian republics. Most were persons accused of treasonous collaboration with Nazi Germany or Anti-Soviet rebellion.