Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hesiod's Works and Days presents a golden age when people lived together in harmony with nature. Theocritus wrote Idylls 1 where a shepherd and a goatherd meet in the pastures to discuss their lives.
Edmund Spenser published The Shepheardes Calender in 1579 as a landmark in English pastoral poetry. His work consists of twelve eclogues written in dialect and contains elegies fables and discussions on contemporary England.
Beethoven labeled his famous Pastoral Symphony more the expression of feeling than realistic painting. He avoided usual musical dynamism in favor of relatively slow rhythms.
Giorgione or Titian painted The Pastoral Concert now held in the Louvre as perhaps the most famous work in this style. These visual works often served as commentary on industrialization and loss of natural spaces.
Terry Gifford proposed post-pastoral in 1994 to describe works suggesting collapse of human nature divide while acknowledging problematics involved. This concept expands definitions like gay pastoral urban pastoral radical pastoral and black pastoral used by Greg Garrard.