Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Ottoman Empire emerged from a beylik founded around 1299 in northwestern Anatolia by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. It lasted from the 14th century to the early 20th century, with the sultanate abolished in 1922.
Mehmed the Conqueror took Constantinople on the 29th of May 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire. He allowed the Eastern Orthodox Church to keep its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority.
The Ottoman Empire became a major power during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520 to 1566. By the end of his reign the empire spanned approximately 877,888 square miles across three continents.
Modern academic consensus marks the empire's defeat at the second siege of Vienna in 1683 as the point where decline began. It still maintained a flexible economy and strong military into much of the 18th century before falling behind Europe technologically.
In 1915 the Ottoman government and Kurdish tribes began exterminating the empire's Armenian population, killing up to 1.5 million people. It was carried out in two phases, the killing of able-bodied men followed by death marches of women, children, and the elderly toward the Syrian desert.
The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on the 30th of October 1918 and was occupied and partitioned by the Allied Powers. The Turkish War of Independence under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk led to the abolition of the sultanate on the 1st of November 1922, and the Republic of Turkey was established on the 29th of October 1923.