Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Ottoman Empire began in 1302 when Osman I commanded forces that defeated Byzantine troops along the Sakarya River. This Turkish tribal leader established a principality in northwestern Anatolia that grew into a transcontinental empire within a century.
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled from 1520 to 1566 and transformed the Ottoman state into a dominant global power spanning approximately three million square kilometers across three continents. He captured Belgrade in 1521, established rule over Hungary after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, and took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535.
The Janissary corps revolted against Selim III between 1789 and 1807, costing him his throne and life due to jealousy of their privileges. His successor Mahmud II eliminated the Janissary corps entirely in 1826 to allow for educational and military modernization.
Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands including Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Balkans. Five and one-half million Muslims died during this period from wars, starvation, and disease while migration became a major force in social reconstruction.
The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers following a surprise attack on the Black Sea coast on the 29th of October 1914. The empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on the 30th of October 1918 after being defeated by combined British, French, Italian, and Greek forces.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led the Turkish national movement that won the Turkish War of Independence between 1919 and 1923. The Republic of Turkey was established in Ankara on the 29th of October 1923 after the last sultan Mehmed VI left the country on the 17th of November 1922.