Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first oil refinery in China operated in the year 1000 within the city of Kaifeng. Chinese military engineers established the Fierce Oil Workshop to process crude oil into weaponized fuel for fire bombs.
Lazăr Edeleanu invented the first modern method of liquid extraction for refining crude oil in 1908. This process, known as the Edeleanu process, increased refining efficiency compared to pure fractional distillation and allowed massive development of refining plants.
Romania was registered as the first country in world oil production statistics. The first large refinery opened at Ploiești in 1856 or 1857.
Marathon's Garyville, Louisiana facility became the last major refinery built in the United States in 1976. No major refinery has been built in the country since that date due to environmental restrictions and political pressure.
The total capacity of global refineries for crude oil was about 101.2 million barrels per day in 2020. Oil refineries are large-scale plants that process about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil a day.
Working in an oil refinery is associated with increased risk of various cancers such as mesothelioma and leukemia. Workers also face hazards from high pressure system failures, heat reaching 500 degrees Celsius, and noise levels exceeding 90 decibels.