Short answers, pulled from the story.
Chinese civilizations were refining crude oil as early as the first century. This process was introduced into various lubricants by geographer Li Daoyuan between 512 and 518 during the late Northern Wei dynasty.
The Jamnagar Refinery owned by Reliance Industries has been the world's largest facility since the 25th of December 2008. It is located in Gujarat India with a processing capacity of 1.24 million barrels per day.
Samuel Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh Avenue near Grant Street in 1853. Ignacy Łukasiewicz subsequently established an oil refinery in Jasło then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1854.
OSHA established an eight-hour time-weighted average limit of ten parts per million for benzene exposure. NIOSH set a recommended exposure limit of 0.1 ppm for the same chemical.
In 1982 the United States operated 301 refineries with combined capacity of crude oil each calendar day. By 2010 there were 149 operable U.S. refineries with a combined capacity of barrels per calendar day.