Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word nationalism did not exist in the English language until around 1798. It gained wider prominence in the 19th century as a revolutionary political principle rather than a mere descriptor of cultural identity.
The Prussian scholar Johann Gottfried Herder originated the term in 1772 in his Treatise on the Origin of Language. Herder stressed the role of a common language as the primary source of legitimate political authority and attached exceptional importance to the concepts of nationality and patriotism.
The Risorgimento consolidated the different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to Italian nationalism but it was based in the liberal middle classes and ultimately proved a bit weak.
The armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at Adowa on the 1st of March 1896. This event has been defined as an unparalleled disaster for a modern army and led to the dishonorable retirement of Sicilian politician Francesco Crispi.
Israel was officially declared and recognized as the official Jewish state in 1948. This declaration solved the territorial question and allowed for Jewish nationalism to be achieved with a shared language, economy, culture, and territory.
The 2014 Scottish independence referendum was held on the 18th of September. The proposal was defeated, with 55.3% voting against independence.