Short answers, pulled from the story.
The French revolutionary government declared a mass conscription known as the levée en masse in 1793. This decree called upon all French citizens to serve the Republic until enemies were driven from their territory.
Johann Gottfried Herder originated the term nationality in 1772 within his Treatise on the Origin of Language. He stressed common language importance and attached exceptional importance to patriotism stating that one who lost patriotic spirit had lost himself and the whole world about him.
European powers divided almost all of Africa leaving only Ethiopia and Liberia independent until World War II ended their rule. Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at Adowa on the 1st of March 1896 defining an unparalleled disaster for modern army.
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serb revolutionaries in Bosnia occurred on the 28th of June 1914. This event ignited the First World War dissolving Austria-Hungary into nation states.
Catalan nationalists declared independence opposed by Spanish nationalists at Madrid Unity Rally Mired by Fascist Salutes From Far-right Falange Party Members on the 8th of October 2017. Since 2010 Catalan nationalists have led renewed independence movement.