Short answers, pulled from the story.
Moghulistan was a Turco-Mongol Muslim khanate that nominally ruled the region north of the Tengri Tagh mountains, on the border of Central Asia and East Asia, from around 1347 until the early 18th century. Its territory covered parts of what are now Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and China's northwest Xinjiang region.
The Dughlat tribe raised a Chagatayid prince named Tughlugh Timur to the throne in 1347, marking the founding of Moghulistan as an independent khanate. Tughlugh Timur converted to Islam in 1354 alongside 160,000 followers, an event that began the Islamization of the khanate.
The Moghuls adopted Turkic as their dominant language, which developed into what scholars call Chagatai Turkic. According to the scholar Vasily Bartold, there were some indications that certain Moghuls still spoke Mongolian into the early 16th century.
Unlike the neighboring Timurid Empire, Moghulistan produced almost no contemporary histories. Nearly all modern knowledge of the khanate rests on a single chronicle, the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, written by the Moghul nobleman Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat while governing Kashmir after fleeing a political purge.
Moghulistan fragmented over the 15th and 16th centuries as it lost territory to Uzbeks, Kyrgyz tribes, and internal division. The eastern successor state, the Yarkent Khanate, was overthrown in 1705 when the Dzungar Khanate intervened and installed a Sufi religious faction in Kashgar. The last Chagatayid ruler, Maqsud Shah, died in 1930 as the head of the vassal Kumul Khanate under Chinese sovereignty.
Sufi religious leaders called khojas, from the Naqshbandi order, gradually displaced the Moghul khans as the real governing power in Kashgaria during the 16th and 17th centuries. The khojas split into rival factions, the Aq Taghlik and the Kara Taghlik, and in 1677 the Aq Taghlik leader Khoja Afaq fled to Tibet, where he persuaded the 5th Dalai Lama to arrange a Dzungar invasion that set the stage for the khanate's final collapse.