Short answers, pulled from the story.
Petrarch declared that European culture had stagnated and drifted into what he called the Dark Ages in the 1330s. He argued this decline began with the fall of Rome in the fifth century due to lost classical Latin texts and corrupted language.
The Latin term media tempestas first appeared in 1469 while medium aevum was recorded in 1604. The word medieval itself did not appear until the nineteenth century as an Anglicized form of medium aevum.
The Gothic Revival was an architectural movement which began in the 1740s in England. Its popularity grew rapidly in the early nineteenth century when increasingly serious admirers sought to revive medieval forms against classical styles prevalent at that time.
Italian medievalist Umberto Eco popularized the neologism Neo-medievalism in his 1973 essay Dreaming Middle Ages. Eco wrote thus we present witnessing Europe America period renewed interest Middle Ages curious oscillation fantastic neomedievalism responsible philological examination term clear definition since used describe intersection popular fantasy medieval history computer games MMORPGs films television neo-medieval music popular literature.
The International Society Study Medievalism formalized in 1979 publication Studies Medievalism journal organized Leslie Workman. By 2016 medievalism taught subject hundreds university courses world at least two scholarly journals dedicated medievalism studies Studies Medievalism postmedieval Clare Monagle argued political medievalism caused medieval scholars repeatedly reconsider whether medievalism part study Middle Ages historical period.