Short answers, pulled from the story.
English speakers first used the word management in the 1590s to mean the act of managing by direction or manipulation. This term emerged from the French verb manage which often referred in equestrian language to holding in hand the reins of a horse.
Larger organizations generally have three hierarchical levels of managers organized in a pyramid structure including senior management middle management and line management. Senior management roles include the board of directors and chief executive officer while middle management includes branch managers and department managers who provide direction to front-line managers.
Adam Smith analyzed steps involved in manufacturing and found that with ten specialists enabled production of 48,000 pins per day. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in manufacture of pins.
The Harvard Business School offered first Master of Business Administration degree MBA in 1921. Colleges and universities worldwide offer bachelor degrees graduate programs diplomas and professional certificates in management most commonly housed within colleges of business or faculties of management.
Salaried managers as identifiable group first became prominent in late 19th century when large corporations began overshadowing small family businesses. In 1915 less than one in twenty manufacturing firms had dedicated personnel department but by 1929 that number had grown to over one-third.