Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Roman general Pompey entered Jerusalem in 63 BCE, marking the end of Hasmonean independence. This event occurred when he marched into the city and entered the Temple's Holy of Holies, violating Jewish religious law.
A local dispute in Caesarea over land adjacent to a synagogue sparked the First Jewish Roman War in 66 CE. The conflict escalated after a Greek resident deliberately provoked the Jewish community by sacrificing birds at the synagogue entrance.
Cassius Dio wrote that 580,000 men were slain in raids and battles during the Bar Kokhba revolt. He also stated that the number perishing by famine disease and fire was past finding out, leaving nearly all of Judaea desolate.
Emperor Hadrian renamed the province of Judaea to Syria Palaestina as an enduring punishment following the Bar Kokhba revolt. The name change intended to suppress connection between the Jewish people and their land while applying a neutral geographical entity derived from ancient sources.
The siege of Masada fell in 73 or 74 CE after a massive engineering effort including a complete circumvallation wall and enormous siege ramp. Sicarii defenders led by Eleazar ben Yair chose mass suicide over capture with 960 men women and children dying by their own hands.