Short answers, pulled from the story.
Muhammad received the first revelation of the Quran from the angel Gabriel during his retreat to the Cave of Hira on Mount Jabal al-Nour near Mecca in the year 610 CE. This event is known as the Night of Power or Laylat al-Qadr and marked the beginning of twenty-two years of revelations.
The five Pillars of Islam include the Shahada declaration of faith, daily prayers, Zakat almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. These acts structure Muslim life and include specific rituals such as bowing and prostrating toward the Kaaba during prayer units called rakat.
Abu Bakr became the first Caliph after Muhammad died in 632 at age sixty-two and led rapid expansion into Persian and Byzantine territories. Subsequent leaders like Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib faced civil wars before the Umayyad dynasty conquered North Africa Spain Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh until being overthrown in 750 by the Abbasid Revolution.
As of 2020 approximately two billion people identify as Muslims representing twenty-five point six percent of the global population making them the second-largest religious group after Christians. Indonesia hosts six hundred eighty-three million adherents followed by Pakistan India and Bangladesh which collectively form the largest concentrations of Muslims worldwide.
Sunnis believe the first four caliphs were rightful successors to Muhammad while Shias maintain leadership must come from descendants of Muhammad's family known as Ahl al-Bayt who hold additional spiritual authority called Imams. A significant event occurred at Ghadir Khumm where Muhammad appointed Ali as executor of his last will before dying leading to historical disputes over legitimacy.