Short answers, pulled from the story.
Russia activated the Common register of domain names in November 2012. This system allowed the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media to block specific URLs without immediate court orders.
The System of Operational-Investigatory Measures allows telecommunications operators to install hardware provided by the Federal Security Service. This equipment enables the agency to monitor phone calls, email traffic, and web browsing activity unilaterally.
A ban on all software and websites related to circumventing internet filtering took effect in Russia in November 2017. This included virtual private network services and instructional material on how to bypass government blocks.
Authorities blocked or removed about 138,000 websites since Russia began its invasion in February 2022. Several Wikipedia articles appeared on the list of forbidden sites in April 2022.
In June 2020, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Russia regarding the blocking of websites critical of the government. The court found that plaintiffs' freedom of speech had been violated in cases involving Garry Kasparov.