Short answers, pulled from the story.
The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. The earliest roots of scientific thinking trace to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE.
The Scientific Revolution transpired during the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe. It produced a New Science that was more mechanistic, more integrated with mathematics, and more reliable and open, with knowledge based on a newly defined scientific method.
Thales of Miletus, who lived from 640 to 546 BCE, was named the first Ionian philosopher and offered non-supernatural explanations for natural events. Aristotle introduced empiricism and classified more than 540 animal species, while Aristarchus of Samos first proposed a heliocentric model of the Solar System.
During the Islamic Golden Age from the 8th to the 14th century, al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the algorithm and the term algebra came from al-jabr in his work. Ibn al-Haytham built a complete system of geometrical optics in his Book of Optics, and Ibn Sina wrote The Canon of Medicine, used as a standard text into the 17th century.
Classical learning continued in three major linguistic cultures: Greek in the Byzantine Empire, Arabic in the Islamic world, and Latin in Western Europe. Constantinople, Alexandria, and Antioch remained Byzantine learning centers, and Greek texts were translated from Arabic and Greek into Latin, reviving scientific discussion in Western Europe.
China produced the longest continuous sequence of astronomical observations of any civilization, including 112 sunspot records from 364 BCE. Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE, and Shen Kuo, who lived from 1031 to 1095, first described the magnetic-needle compass for navigation and discovered the concept of true north.
The first medieval university was chartered in Bologna in 1088, followed by Paris in 1150, Oxford in 1167, and Cambridge in 1231. A charter made these universities partially sovereign and independent from local authorities, with a curriculum centered on the seven liberal arts.