Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Hundred Schools of Thought rose around 770 BCE during a period of peace and prosperity. This era allowed figures like Confucius to ground their thinking in traditional Chinese values such as loyalty, duty, and respect.
Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra in the 4th century BC which provided accounts of politics for wise rulers including foreign affairs policies and economic stability measures. He argued that ends justify means and believed virtue in leaders was essential for governance.
Thomas Aquinas became perhaps the most influential medieval political philosopher by reintroducing Aristotle's works transmitted through Muslim Spain alongside Averroes commentaries. His Summa Theologica developed ideas about tyrants being no true kings who could be overthrown.
Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince around 1513 though it remained unpublished until posthumously released in 1532 after his death. This work along with Discourses did much to influence modern Western political thought despite being written for Medici family to perhaps free him from exile.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau analyzed social contract expression general will controversially arguing favor absolute democracy where people large act sovereign. His Social Contract published 1762 outlined basis legitimate political order framework classical republicanism becoming one most influential works Western tradition.