Short answers, pulled from the story.
The phrase High Renaissance first appeared in German as Hochrenaissance during the year 1855. Jacob Burckhardt coined this label to describe a specific era of artistic achievement that followed earlier developments.
Most scholars agree the era ended in 1520 with Raphael's death but others suggest 1525 or 1527. Luigi Lanzi claimed the Sack of Rome in 1527 marked the true conclusion when many artists were killed or dispersed.
Donato Bramante designed the Tempietto at San Pietro in Montorio in Rome starting around 1510. This structure represents a full-scale revival of ancient Roman commemorative architecture within Christian contexts.
Leonardo da Vinci developed sfumato techniques that softened transitions between colors in his paintings like Mona Lisa created between 1503 and 1507. Michelangelo painted scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling commissioned by Pope Julius II during years spanning 1508 to 1512.
Giorgione and early Titian created paintings with serene moods and luminous color palettes distinct from Roman styles. Their approach emphasized atmosphere over strict linear definition found elsewhere in Italy.