Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry VII was born on the 28th of January 1457 at Pembroke Castle in Pembrokeshire. His mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was 13 years old at the time, and his father Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, had died three months before Henry's birth.
Henry VII seized the throne by defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on the 22nd of August 1485, leading an army of roughly 5,000-6,000 soldiers supported by French and Scottish troops. He is the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle.
Henry VII faced two major pretenders: Lambert Simnel, a boy presented as Edward of Warwick who led a rebellion in 1487 that was defeated at the Battle of Stoke Field, and Perkin Warbeck, a young Fleming who claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury and led multiple invasion attempts before being captured and executed in 1497.
Morton's Fork was a taxation method devised by Henry VII's chancellor, Archbishop John Morton. Nobles who spent little were deemed to have savings and could afford higher taxes; nobles who spent lavishly clearly had the means to pay. Either way, the Crown extracted greater revenue from them.
The Magnus Intercursus, signed in 1496, was a trade agreement that ended Henry VII's embargo on the Burgundian Netherlands. It removed taxation for English merchants and restored commerce through Antwerp, significantly increasing England's wealth. Henry had imposed the embargo in 1494 in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support of the pretender Perkin Warbeck.
Henry VII granted John Cabot letters patent in March 1496, authorising a westward exploratory voyage after Cabot had secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London. Cabot was later rewarded with a royal pension, though he is presumed to have perished at sea after a subsequent unsuccessful expedition.