Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Golden Horde, also called the Ulus of Jochi and self-designated as Ulug Ulus, was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire. After the empire divided in 1259 it became a functionally independent khanate, also known as the Kipchak Khanate.
The name Golden Horde is a partial calque of the Russian Zolotaya Orda, itself a partial calque of the Turkic Altan Orda. The Golden element is attributed to the golden color of the Mongols' wartime tents, to an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or Ozbeg Khan, or to the riches of the khan, with gold also denoting imperial status.
At its peak the Golden Horde extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe, reaching from the Urals to the Danube in the west and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south. It bordered the Caucasus Mountains and the territory of the Ilkhanate.
The Golden Horde's military power peaked under Ozbeg Khan, who reigned from 1312 to 1341 and adopted Islam as the state religion after taking the throne in 1313. He built a large mosque at Solkhat in the Crimea in 1314 and had Islamized the Horde by 1315.
Internal struggles allowed Moscow to formally rid itself of the Tatar yoke at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480, when the khan Ahmed judged conditions unfavorable and retreated. This event traditionally marks the end of Mongol rule over Russia.
The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate were the last remnants of the Golden Horde, surviving until 1783 and 1847 respectively, when they were conquered by the expanding Russian state. The Crimean Khanate sacked New Sarai in 1502, ending the Great Horde.