Short answers, pulled from the story.
GOFAI stands for good old-fashioned artificial intelligence, a term for classical symbolic AI. It is defined in contrast to other approaches such as neural networks, situated robotics, narrow symbolic AI and neuro-symbolic AI.
The philosopher John Haugeland coined the term GOFAI in his 1985 book, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea.
Haugeland used GOFAI to ask whether it could produce human-level artificial intelligence in a machine, and whether it is the primary method brains use to display intelligence.
In 1963, Herbert A. Simon speculated that the answer to both of Haugeland's questions was yes. His evidence included the performance of programs he had co-written, the Logic Theorist and the General Problem Solver, along with his own psychological research on human problem solving.
AlphaGo and Apple's initial design for Siri are cited as examples of GOFAI applications, programs built with deliberate, explicit instructions for a single task rather than machine learning.
Drew McDermott described Haugeland's account of GOFAI as incoherent and argued that GOFAI itself is a myth, reflecting how difficult critics and supporters alike have found it to define the term precisely.