Short answers, pulled from the story.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a presidential proclamation in 1940 that forbade the export of aircraft parts, chemicals, and minerals without a license.
Controls first authorized in 1940 applied only to munitions and similar materials essential to defense efforts before expanding to include iron and steel scrap exports in September 1940.
Officials feared that cutting off oil would be too provocative a step at that time because Japan depended heavily on US oil supplies.
Bell Labs chess-playing computer Belle was impounded before it could travel to Moscow for an exhibition to demonstrate that technology did not have to be military-specific.
The Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 established international enforcement mechanisms clearly and became known as the Battle Act requiring parallel controls with US standards.