Short answers, pulled from the story.
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community, including restricting the right to receive sacraments and to be in communion with other members. Depending on the religious group and the offense, it may also involve banishment, shunning, and shaming. The penalty is often revoked in response to manifest repentance.
Latae sententiae excommunication is automatic, taking effect at the moment the offense is committed without any tribunal or formal declaration. Ferendae sententiae excommunication is imposed only when declared by a legitimate superior or by an ecclesiastical court. Under latae sententiae, a priest may not publicly refuse communion to the person as long as the automatic excommunication has not been officially declared.
John Wesley excommunicated sixty-four members from the Newcastle Methodist society. The largest single group, twenty-nine people, were removed for lightness and carelessness; seventeen were excommunicated for drunkenness; and the remaining members were removed for offenses including lying, quarrelling, Sabbath-breaking, cursing, and one for beating his wife.
Disfellowshipping is the term Jehovah's Witnesses use for their form of excommunication, applied when a member is believed to have unrepentantly committed a serious sin. Contact with extended family is typically restricted to a minimum, such as attendance at the reading of wills or essential care for the elderly. Within a household, ordinary family contact may continue, but spiritual fellowship such as family Bible study is suspended.
A Covenant-breaker is a Bahá'í term for a person excommunicated from the community for breaking the Covenant, specifically by actively promoting schism or opposing the legitimacy of the religion's chain of leadership succession. The Universal House of Justice holds the sole authority to declare a person a Covenant-breaker. Once declared, all Bahá'ís are expected to shun that person, even if they are family members.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ceased using the term excommunication in 2020, replacing it with withdrawal of membership. The change was intended to shift focus away from guilt and toward the availability of repentance. Councils previously called disciplinary councils or church courts were also renamed to reflect this emphasis.