Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in October 1954. The citation recognized "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." He did not travel to Stockholm to accept it, instead sending a speech to be read on his behalf.
In January 1954, Hemingway was injured in two successive plane crashes in Africa. The first plane struck an abandoned utility pole over the Belgian Congo and crash-landed. The second plane, chartered to fly them out of Butiaba, exploded on takeoff. Hemingway sustained two cracked discs, a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder, a broken skull, and cerebral fluid leaking from the head wound.
Hemingway's iceberg theory holds that the facts in a story float above the surface while the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight, unseen by the reader. He described it as a theory of omission: leaving out what the writer knows strengthens the story; leaving out what the writer does not know makes it worthless. About seventy percent of his sentences use simple grammar without subordination, creating depth through what is left unsaid.
Ernest Hemingway was married four times. His first wife was Hadley Richardson, whom he married on the 3rd of September 1921. He then married Pauline Pfeiffer in May 1927, Martha Gellhorn on the 20th of November 1940, and Mary Welsh in 1946. Each marriage ended before he began the next, a pattern biographer Jeffrey Meyers traced back to the rejection he experienced after World War I.
Ernest Hemingway died of suicide on the 2nd of July 1961, at his house in Ketchum, Idaho. Medical records confirmed he had been diagnosed with hemochromatosis, a hereditary condition causing iron accumulation and mental and physical deterioration, in early 1961. Neuropsychiatrist Andrew Farah has also argued that nine serious concussions over his lifetime produced chronic traumatic encephalopathy and dementia with Lewy bodies, contributing to his decline.
The Old Man and the Sea, published in September 1952, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in May 1953 and contributed to Hemingway receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in October 1954. For Whom the Bell Tolls, published in October 1940, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. A Farewell to Arms, published on the 27th of September 1929, established his reputation as a major American writer according to biographer James Mellow.