Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry III took the throne in 1216 while facing baronial resistance and French occupation of continental holdings. He struggled with rebellion throughout his reign from 1216 until 1272 and reissued Magna Carta to raise funds.
The plague arrived by ship from Gascony to Melcombe in Dorset shortly before the 24th of June 1348. Disease spread rapidly across south-west England reaching London in autumn 1348 due to overcrowded houses and narrow streets flowing with sewage.
William Walworth Lord Mayor of London attacked and killed belligerent Wat Tyler at Smithfield. Richard seized initiative shouting You shall have no captain but me defusing situation deliberately then pursued captured and executed rebellion leaders revoking all concessions.
Tewkesbury battle brought demise of last male Beaufort line. Battlefield execution of Edward Prince of Wales and murder of Henry VI extinguished House of Lancaster allowing Henry Tudor to assume throne as Henry VII founding Tudor dynasty after Richard was killed at Bosworth Field in 1485.
Dominican Franciscan friars arrived 1220s establishing 150 friaries by the end thirteenth century becoming popular particularly towns heavily influencing local preaching. Over 600 monastic communities existed England 1215 new endowments slowed thirteenth century creating long-term financial problems.