Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation was founded in 1990 by John Perry Barlow, Mitch Kapor, and John Gilmore. It was formed in response to concerns that law enforcement and policymakers lacked sufficient knowledge of the internet to respect people's rights, a concern that crystallized for Barlow after an FBI visit to his home during Operation Sundevil.
Deep Crack was a custom code-breaking machine built by the EFF at a cost of $250,000 to challenge U.S. government claims about the security of the Data Encryption Standard. On the 17th of July 1998, it broke a DES-encrypted message in 56 hours, and on the 19th of January 1999 it cracked another in under 24 hours in partnership with distributed.net.
The EFF is headquartered in San Francisco, California, on Eddy Street, where it moved in 2012 from its previous location in the Mission District. It also maintains a Washington, D.C. office, which was reopened in the spring of 2006.
The Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation were written in the spring of 2018 by the EFF, the Open Technology Institute, the Center for Democracy and Technology, the ACLU Foundation of Northern California, and four academics. They call on social networks to publish removal statistics, notify banned users with clear reasons, and provide human-reviewed appeals.
The EFF Cooperative Computing Awards are prizes funded by an anonymous donor, designed to encourage internet users to help solve large mathematical problems. The awards range from $50,000 for discovering a prime number with at least one million decimal digits to $250,000 for a prime with at least one billion decimal digits; the first two prizes were awarded in 2000 and 2009.
The EFF developed browser add-ons including HTTPS Everywhere and Privacy Badger. In 2014, it also released its Secure Messaging Scorecard, which evaluated messaging apps and tools against seven criteria, including encryption in transit and whether code had been recently audited.