Short answers, pulled from the story.
Antwerp stood as the most important artistic centre in the Low Countries during the early 1500s. Artists flocked to this bustling port city to work for European courts and local patrons alike.
Antwerp Mannerism describes painters who showed some Italian influence but mainly continued the style of older masters. The Romanists phase followed, adopting Italian styles in a far more thorough way than their predecessors.
Hieronymus Bosch emerged as a highly individual artist whose work appeared strange and full of seemingly irrational imagery. His approach to subject matter diverged sharply from the rational order favored by Italian contemporaries.
Joachim Patinir played an important role in developing landscape painting during this era and he invented the compositional type known as the world landscape. Pieter Brueghel the Elder perfected this format while following Patinir's innovations.
Pieter Brueghel the Elder stands alongside Bosch as the only artist from the period widely familiar today and he showed preference for depicting peasants instead of princes throughout his career. Nature itself became a main actor in his paintings rather than human heroes.