Short answers, pulled from the story.
Tour de France riders in 1924 used dynamite, cocaine, chloroform, liniment, and various pills to stay awake and manage pain. These substances caused severe physical and mental side effects including diarrhea, exhaustion, and hallucinations.
State-endorsed doping began during the Cold War period from 1947 to 1991 when Eastern Bloc countries used drugs to secure ideological victories. East Germany implemented blanket doping from 1974 under Manfred Ewald, and the Stasi supervised systematic doping until reunification in 1990.
John Ziegler developed the first oral anabolic steroid in the United States in 1954 while working with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company. The resulting drug was methandrostenolone, which appeared on the market in 1960 under the brand name Dianabol.
Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal and world-record performance after stanozolol was found in his urine at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Carl Lewis was promoted to take the Olympic gold title and recognized as the new record holder.
The World Anti-Doping Agency banned Russia from all international sport for four years on the 9th of December 2019 due to widespread doping violations. The Court of Arbitration for Sport reduced the penalty on the 17th of December 2020 to allow Russian athletes to compete as Neutral Athletes for two years.
Inter Milan players in the 1960s used amphetamines and other pills distributed by manager Helenio Herrera. Some players were given injections and substances dissolved in coffee to ensure consumption.