Short answers, pulled from the story.
Doping in sport dates back to ancient times, with the earliest recorded examples including Charmis of Sparta, who consumed a special diet of dried figs while training for the Olympic Games of 668 BC. Scandinavian mythology also describes warriors drinking a mushroom-based preparation to enhance physical power, and ancient Roman chariot racers drank herbal infusions before competing.
Dianabol was developed by physician John Ziegler (1917-1983) in collaboration with Ciba Pharmaceutical after he learned at the 1954 World Championships in Vienna that Soviet weightlifters were using testosterone. Ciba first produced methandrostenolone in the US in 1958 and marketed it as Dianabol. Its impressive results among weightlifters caused steroids to spread rapidly to other sports throughout the following decades.
Ben Johnson won the 100 meters at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul but was stripped of his gold medal and world-record performance after stanozolol was found in his urine. He later admitted to using stanozolol, Dianabol, testosterone, Furazabol, and human growth hormone. Carl Lewis was promoted one place to take the gold title.
East Germany operated a state-sanctioned doping program supervised by the Stasi secret police from 1971 until German reunification in 1990. Manfred Ewald, head of East Germany's sports federation, imposed blanket doping from 1974. Athletes were sometimes as young as ten years old and were often not told what they were being given. Germany's Federal Agency for Civic Education estimated around 10,000 former athletes bear lasting physical and mental effects.
On the 9th of December 2019, WADA banned Russia from all international sport for four years following widespread violations including manipulation of computer data. On the 17th of December 2020, the Court of Arbitration for Sport reduced the penalty to two years. Russia competed at subsequent events under the "ROC" acronym with a fragment of Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 used in place of the national anthem.
A study commissioned by WADA found that 44 percent of athletes at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics had used banned substances during their careers, yet only 0.5 percent of those tested were caught. At the high school level in the United States, surveys found that 6.6 percent of 12th-grade students had used anabolic steroids or been counseled to use them.