Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Turkic former slave of the Ghurid conqueror Muhammad of Ghor. Aibak assumed power after Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.
Five dynasties ruled the Delhi Sultanate in succession: the Mamluk (1206-1290), the Khalji (1290-1320), the Tughlaq (1320-1414), the Sayyid (1414-1451), and the Lodi (1451-1526). Each dynasty came to power by displacing or defeating its predecessor.
The Delhi Sultanate ended in 1526 when the Timurid ruler Babur defeated and killed the last sultan, Ibrahim Lodi, at the Battle of Panipat. The Mughal Empire succeeded it.
Yes. The Delhi Sultanate repelled multiple invasions by the Mongols from the Chagatai Khanate. Historians credit the Sultanate with preventing a Mongol conquest of India comparable to the Mongol invasions of China, Persia, and Europe.
Razia Sultana reigned as ruler of the Delhi Sultanate from 1236 to 1240, making her one of the few female rulers in Islamic history. She came to power during the Mamluk dynasty following the death of Iltutmish.
The Delhi Sultanate oversaw the introduction of geared water-raising wheels, machines using gears and pulleys, and the spinning wheel from Iran, with the earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India dated to 1350. The worm gear roller cotton gin was also invented during this period. According to historian Angus Maddison, India's GDP reached $60.5 billion in 1500 after growing nearly 8% between 1000 and 1500.