Short answers, pulled from the story.
Deism emerged as a distinct movement in the mid-16th century following the start of the Scientific Revolution. Clement of Alexandria described early beliefs about God not being involved in human affairs during the 3rd century, but these thoughts only developed into a specific movement later.
The five key ideas include one Supreme God exists, God ought to be worshipped, virtue is central to worship, repentance matters, and divine goodness dispenses rewards or punishments. These universal truths were distinguished from revealed truths by Herbert when searching for foundations of knowledge like his contemporary Descartes.
One of the earliest systematic schools to develop was the Mu'tazila in the mid-8th century CE which emphasized reason and rational thought to understand divine injunctions. They argued that the Quran was created rather than co-eternal with God, a position that became highly contentious before the Ash'ari school arose in response.
Thomas Paine contributed significantly through writings defending deism while criticizing Abrahamic religions in The Age of Reason published between 1793 and 1794. This treatise advocated deism promoted reason and freethought against institutionalized Christianity earning widespread vilification during its own time yet remaining influential today.
The census on the 2nd of May 1939 indicated that 3.5% of the population self-identified as Gottgläubig while 54% considered Protestant and 41% Catholic. Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick officially recognized the term on the 26th of November 1936 stressing political disassociation from churches not religious apostasy.