Short answers, pulled from the story.
A coup d'état is an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization to unseat an incumbent person or leadership. This concept has existed since antiquity but the phrase itself appeared in English texts only after the 19th century.
The phrase appeared in English texts only after the 19th century with one early use in a printed translation from 1785. The first published use within a text composed in English was an editor's note in the London Morning Chronicle dated 1804.
Coups have been most common in Africa accounting for 36.5% of global attempts and the Americas at 31.9%. Europe has experienced by far the fewest coup attempts at just 2.6% during this period.
Economic decline domestic political crisis and contagion from other regional coups are key factors that influence coups. Structural fragility intensifies the likelihood when stressors like low income slow growth and food price inflation are present.
About half of all coups in dictatorships install new autocratic regimes which engage in higher levels of repression. Democracies were installed in the wake of 12% of Cold War coups in dictatorships and 40% of post-Cold War ones.