Short answers, pulled from the story.
Nicolaus Copernicus published his major work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in Nuremberg during 1543. The first edition appeared in 1543 followed by a second edition in Basel in 1566.
Aristarchus of Samos proposed what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric Solar System in the 3rd century BCE. He developed some theories from Heraclides Ponticus and spoke of a revolution of the Earth on its axis every 24 hours.
Claudius Ptolemy created the geocentric model in his Almagest around 150 AD which became the prevailing astronomical system in Europe for over 1,400 years leading up to the 16th century. Throughout the Middle Ages scholars spoke of it as the authoritative text on astronomy.
Isaac Newton proposed universal gravity and inverse-square law of gravitational attraction in 1687 to explain Kepler's elliptical planetary orbits completing the physical proof for Copernican system. The Copernican Revolution spanned over a century beginning with De revolutionibus orbium coelestium publication and ending with Newton's work establishing final validation.