Short answers, pulled from the story.
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. Its central tenets vary according to the culture and civilization in which it appears. It is one of the three major ideologies alongside liberalism and socialism.
Edmund Burke, the 18th-century Anglo-Irish statesman, is often called the father of modern conservatism. He opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, and he served as private secretary to the Marquess of Rockingham. The Savoyard statesman Joseph de Maistre is also credited as a forefather of conservative thought in the 1790s.
The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with François-René de Chateaubriand during the Bourbon Restoration in France, which sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution and establish social order.
Political scientist Andrew Heywood identifies five central beliefs of conservatism: tradition, human imperfection, organic society, authority and hierarchy, and property. Historian Russell Kirk set out five canons in The Conservative Mind in 1953, including belief in a transcendent order and faith in custom, convention, and prudence.
Conservatism is the dominant ideology in many nations, including Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Singapore, and South Korea. In Japan the Liberal Democratic Party has ruled since 1955, and in Singapore the People's Action Party has governed since independence in 1965.
According to Edmund Fawcett, the fascist is a nonconservative who takes anti-liberalism to extremes, while the right-wing authoritarian is a conservative who takes fear of democracy to extremes. Authoritarian conservatism is traditionalist and elitist, and its regimes often suppressed rising fascist and Nazi movements, as when Austrian Nazis assassinated the dictator Engelbert Dollfuss.