Short answers, pulled from the story.
Wilhelm Schickard constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623. This machine marked a turning point in human attempts to automate arithmetic tasks that had previously required hours of manual calculation.
Ada Lovelace wrote an algorithm for computing Bernoulli numbers during her translation work on a French article about the Analytical Engine in 1843. Her notes contained what is considered the first published algorithm tailored specifically for implementation on a computer.
Columbia University offered one of the first academic-credit courses in computer science in 1946. The world's first computer science degree program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science, began at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in 1953.
Peter Denning identified the fundamental question underlying computer science as What can be automated? Computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation.
The Dartmouth Conference held in 1956 marked the starting point for artificial intelligence research. This field draws expertise from applied mathematics, symbolic logic, semiotics, electrical engineering, philosophy of mind, neurophysiology, and social intelligence.