Short answers, pulled from the story.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz discovered the binary number system in the early 1600s. This system reduced all information to a choice between zero and one and became the fundamental heartbeat of all modern computing.
The Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science began at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in 1953. This was the world's first computer science degree program, followed by the first computer science department in the United States at Purdue University in 1962.
Peter Denning posed the fundamental question of computer science as what can be automated. This inquiry drives the theory of computation which examines which computational problems are solvable and studies the time and space costs associated with different approaches.
During the 1940s the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. This shift marked a pivotal moment in the history of computation and signaled the transition from mechanical to electronic computing.
The Dartmouth Conference took place in 1956 and served as the starting point for artificial intelligence research. This event drew on areas of expertise such as applied mathematics, symbolic logic, and philosophy of mind to synthesize goal-orientated processes found in humans and animals.