Short answers, pulled from the story.
Claudius, born Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus on the 1st of August 10 BC, was a Roman emperor who ruled from AD 41 to 54. He was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and the first Roman emperor born outside Italy, born at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul.
Claudius became emperor after the assassination of Caligula on the 24th of January 41. A Praetorian soldier named Gratus found him hiding behind a curtain in the palace and proclaimed him princeps. The Praetorian Guard took him under their protection, and the Senate was eventually forced to accept him after a standoff.
Yes. In 43, Claudius sent Aulus Plautius with four legions to Britain. Claudius himself traveled to the island after the initial offensive and stayed for sixteen days. The Senate granted him a triumph, and the Roman colony of Colonia Claudia Victricensis was established at Camulodunum as the provincial capital of Britannia.
Claudius built or finished two aqueducts, the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Anio Novus, which entered Rome in 52 and met at the Porta Maggiore. He also restored the Aqua Virgo, constructed the port at Ostia in a semicircle with two moles and a lighthouse, and built roads and canals throughout the empire.
Claudius died in the early hours of the 13th of October 54, with nearly all ancient sources agreeing he was poisoned, possibly through mushrooms or a feather used to induce vomiting. His wife Agrippina the Younger is named as the instigator by most ancient historians. His ashes were interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on the 24th of October 54.
Claudius wrote extensively, including a twenty-book Etruscan history called Tyrrhenika, an eight-volume history of Carthage called Carchedonica, an Etruscan dictionary, a defense of Cicero, a book on dice-playing, and an eight-volume autobiography. He also wrote a history of Augustus's reign. None of these works survived.