Short answers, pulled from the story.
Chandrayaan-3 is ISRO's third lunar exploration mission, consisting of the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover. Its touchdown near the lunar south pole on the 23rd of August 2023 made India the fourth nation to soft-land on the Moon and the first to achieve a controlled landing at that latitude.
Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed in September 2019 due in part to an altitude increase during the camera coasting phase. Chandrayaan-3 responded by replacing the five-engine design with four variable-thrust engines, raising the altitude correction rate from 10 to 25 degrees per second, and adding a laser Doppler velocimeter.
On the 29th of August 2023, Pragyan's laser spectrometer confirmed the first in-situ detection of sulfur near the lunar south pole. The rover also detected aluminium, calcium, iron, chromium, titanium, manganese, silicon, and oxygen, and ISRO was still searching for hydrogen when surface operations ended.
Statio Shiv Shakti is the name given to the Vikram lander's touchdown point near the lunar south pole. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the name while addressing the ISRO team and also declared the 23rd of August as National Space Day in India.
The ChaSTE thermal instrument measured a peak surface temperature of 355 Kelvin at the landing site, roughly 25 degrees higher than the approximately 330 Kelvin predicted by earlier remote sensing. ISRO scientist BH Darukesha described the observed temperature range of 70 degrees Celsius near the surface as "not expected."
The propulsion module retained over 100 kilograms of fuel after one month in lunar orbit, and ISRO used it to move the module to a high Earth orbit, with its first perigee crossing on the 22nd of November 2023. It continues operating the SHAPE instrument, studying Earth in near-infrared wavelengths, and made two additional passes near the Moon in November 2025.