Short answers, pulled from the story.
Casualty estimates for the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine from February 2022 to November 2025 range from 400,000 to 1.5 million killed and wounded. Political scientist Neta Crawford calculated the war was killing an average of 7,690 people per month by July 2025. The conflict in Donbas that preceded the 2022 invasion claimed between 14,200 and 14,400 lives from 2014 through the end of 2021.
BBC News Russian and Mediazona confirmed 223,539 Russian deaths by name as of the 29th of May 2026, with military experts estimating the real toll at between 344,000 and 497,000. The British intelligence agency GCHQ estimated nearly 500,000 Russian soldiers had been killed. Russia lost 60,000 to 70,000 soldiers in the war's first year alone, more than its combined losses in Chechnya and Afghanistan.
President Zelenskyy announced over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed and 380,000 wounded as of mid-February 2025. The UALosses project documented 91,559 Ukrainian fighters killed by name and 95,165 missing in action as of the 8th of April 2026. A US official estimate from October 2024 put Ukrainian losses at over 57,500 killed and 250,000 wounded.
The UN human rights office confirmed 15,850 civilians killed in Ukraine by the 30th of April 2026, with 44,809 injured, and stated the true figure was almost certainly higher. The Donetsk Oblast alone recorded more than 28,673 civilian deaths in areas under Ukrainian or formerly Ukrainian control. At least 220 foreign civilians from 27 countries were also confirmed killed during the war.
As of the 8th of April 2026, 4,454 Ukrainians were confirmed prisoners of war held by Russia. Ukraine had confirmed the release of 6,095 of its soldiers and civilians from Russian custody by that date. At its peak in mid-November 2023, Russia held 4,337 Ukrainians including 3,574 soldiers and 763 civilians.
Open-source methods including obituaries, cemetery records, satellite imagery, and war memorials are used to verify deaths by individual name. BBC News Russian and Mediazona confirmed 223,539 Russian deaths this way by the 29th of May 2026, estimating that figure represented 45 to 65 percent of the actual toll. Ukraine also deployed Clearview AI facial recognition technology from the 12th of March 2022 to help identify deceased soldiers.