Short answers, pulled from the story.
Camulodunum is a Latinised form of the Brythonic Celtic name Camulodunon, meaning the stronghold of Camulos, the British god of war. The name first appeared on coins minted by the tribal chieftain Tasciovanus between 20 and 10 BC.
Camulodunum was the capital of Roman Britain and the symbol of Roman rule, making it the first target of the Iceni rebellion. The Trinovantes who joined the revolt held specific grievances including the seizure of land for Roman veterans, forced labour to build the Temple of Claudius, and the sudden recall of loans given by leading Romans including Seneca and the Emperor.
The destruction layer at Camulodunum preserved beds, mattresses, a samian store, a glass store, wall plaster, tessellated floors, human bones with wounds, and even dates and plums, all dating to AD 60. In 2014, excavations at Williams and Griffin on the High Street uncovered the Fenwick Treasure, a collection of gold and silver jewellery buried in the floor of a building destroyed during the revolt.
In 2005, the only known Roman circus in Britain was discovered on the southern outskirts of Camulodunum. It is about 450 metres long, built in the early 2nd century, with eight starting-gates, and could accommodate at least 8,000 spectators and possibly double that number.
Camulodunum's walls were completed by 80 AD, twenty years after the Boudican revolt, making them the first town walls in Britain, predating other such walls in the province by at least 150 years. They were 2,800 metres long and 2.4 metres thick, built with alternating layers of tile and septaria mudstone using 45,000 cubic metres of material, and still survive to over six metres in height today.
Medieval builders quarried Roman ruins extensively, using over 25,000 cubic metres of reused Roman tile and brick for Colchester Castle alone. A study by Colchester Archaeological Trust in the late 1970s found that many medieval property boundaries followed the lines of Roman street frontages, and the name Colchester itself derives from the Latin words Colonia and Castra.