Short answers, pulled from the story.
The British Raj began on the 28th of June 1858, when rule over India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown in the person of Queen Victoria. It ended in August 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
The British Raj covered almost all of present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, except for small European holdings such as Goa (Portugal) and Pondicherry (France). At various times it also included Aden (1858-1937), Lower Burma (1858-1937), Upper Burma (1886-1937), British Somaliland (briefly 1884-1898), and the Straits Settlements (briefly 1858-1867).
The 1857 rebellion led the British to make three major policy shifts: they disbanded Indian army units composed of Muslims and Brahmins from the United Provinces, rewarded princes and landowners who had stayed loyal, and abandoned social reforms like the ban on sati. Queen Victoria's proclamation after the rebellion declared that Britain disclaimed any right or desire to impose its convictions on its subjects.
On the 13th of April 1919, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered fifty soldiers to open fire without warning on an unarmed crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh public garden in Amritsar. The Government of India reported 379 dead and 1,100 wounded; the Indian National Congress estimated three times as many dead. Historians regard the episode as a decisive step toward the end of British rule in India.
Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and made his political debut in 1917 in Champaran, Bihar, where he used Satyagraha -- non-violent resistance -- on behalf of tenant farmers. He reorganised the Indian National Congress into a mass movement, led the 1920 non-cooperation campaign, and in 1930 led the Salt Satyagraha, in which thousands marched to the sea to make salt in defiance of a colonial tax. In 1931 he travelled to London to negotiate at the Round Table Conferences.
The All-India Muslim League was founded in December 1906 in Dacca, hosted at the mansion of Dacca Nawab Khwaja Salimullah in Shahbag, following Muslim leaders' meeting with Viceroy Lord Minto to demand separate electorates. Under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the League passed the Lahore Resolution in March 1940 demanding independent states for Muslim-majority regions. On the 15th of August 1947, Jinnah became governor-general of the new Dominion of Pakistan.