Short answers, pulled from the story.
On the 22nd of July 1805, a British fleet under Vice Admiral Robert Calder intercepted the combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve off the northwest coast of Spain. The British captured two Spanish ships of the line, the Firme and the San Rafael, while suffering 41 killed and 162 wounded. Neither side renewed the battle on the 23rd or the 24th of July, making the outcome indecisive.
Calder was court-martialled for failing to renew the engagement on the 23rd and the 24th of July 1805, when he chose to withdraw rather than press a second attack. He was found guilty and sentenced to a severe reprimand. He never served at sea again.
The battle contributed directly to the collapse of Napoleon's invasion plan. After the battle, Villeneuve retreated to Cádiz instead of sailing to Brest as ordered, preventing the combined fleet from clearing the English Channel. Without naval cover, Napoleon abandoned the invasion and redirected the Armée d'Angleterre, renaming it the Grande Armée, to march against Austria and Russia on the 27th of August 1805.
The British captured two Spanish ships of the line: the San Rafael, an 80-gun vessel, and the Firme, a 74-gun ship. Both were taken in badly battered condition along with over 1,200 prisoners. They were later transported to Plymouth and converted into prison hulks.
Malta, commanded by Captain Edward Buller, became surrounded by five Spanish ships in the fog and failing light. The ship fought off attacks from both sides simultaneously, suffering five men killed and forty wounded. Buller forced the Spanish 80-gun San Rafael to surrender and then sent Malta's boats to take possession of the 74-gun Firme.
Villeneuve received orders from Napoleon to proceed to Brest and Boulogne after arriving at A Coruña on the 1st of August 1805. He instead turned for Cádiz, arriving on the 21st of August, reportedly because he believed a false report of a superior British fleet in the Bay of Biscay. This decision ended any remaining hope of assembling a force large enough to cross the English Channel.