Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Caral civilization rose from the arid Supe Valley in Peru around 3000 BCE. This complex society flourished contemporaneously with the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and thrived for over a thousand years before collapsing around 1800 BCE.
Andean societies developed a unique method of record-keeping known as the quipu, a complex system of knotted and colored strings. These devices served as a substitute for written language and allowed the Inca Empire to administer a vast territory without a written bureaucracy.
The vertical archipelago strategy involved states establishing colonies at different elevations to exploit a wide range of microclimates. This system allowed farmers to grow diverse crops like potatoes, quinoa, cotton, and maize, creating a network of reciprocity that replaced the need for money and markets.
The Inca Empire rose from the Kingdom of Cusco around 1438 and became the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The empire's collapse came swiftly after the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, with the last Inca stronghold falling in 1572.
The Nazca culture flourished from 100 to 800 CE and created the famous Nazca lines, geoglyphs that stretch across the desert. The Chavín culture emerged around 1500 BCE and developed a distinctive religious style that influenced the art and architecture of subsequent civilizations.