Short answers, pulled from the story.
The UN projects Russia's population will shrink from 146 million in 2022 to 135.8 million by 2050. In longer-range projections for 2100, the UN's scenarios range between 74 million and 112 million.
Russia's median age rose from 32.2 in 1990 to 40.3 in 2025. Over the same period, the share of Russians older than 65 increased from 10% to 16.6%.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union triggered a fertility crash that coincided with rising mortality, particularly among Russian men. The combination produced millions of excess deaths relative to 1990 death rates, and net population loss continued from 1992 to 2008.
Russia's natural population declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, reflecting the gap between births and deaths. The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 each ran close to double the natural birth rate.
In August 2022 Russia revived the Mother Heroine award for women with ten children. In November 2024, Vladimir Putin signed a law banning "childfree propaganda," and politicians have called for reinstating the childless tax that existed from the 1940s until the 1990s.
The Eastern Front accounted for up to 40 million of the 70-85 million deaths in World War II, with Russia proper losing as many as 13 million people. Because young men bore most of those casualties, men made up less than 45% of Russia's total population even in 1959.