Starlink
Starlink now counts more than 10,020 satellites in low Earth orbit, and that fleet makes up 65% of every active satellite circling the planet. The network belongs to SpaceX, the American aerospace company, and it serves customers in around 150 countries and territories. In February 2026 SpaceX announced that it had passed 10 million subscribers.
That figure is hard to square with the history of the idea. Several earlier companies tried to sell Internet from low orbit, and some of them went bankrupt. So how did a rocket company turn the same idea into a business? What does a customer actually receive, and what does it cost to keep so many satellites flying?
The network also reaches into places that no telecommunications company has ever had to think about. Governments, armies, airlines, smugglers and astronomers all have a stake in it. The rest of this documentary follows those threads, starting with the failures that came first.
In the mid-1980s, planners working on the Strategic Defense Initiative first imagined fleets of satellites in low Earth orbit. The thinking ended with Brilliant Pebbles, a scheme to stage weapons in low orbits so they could intercept ballistic missiles at short notice.
The same orbits promised fast communication. Satellites that low could relay signals with very little delay, and the 1990s produced a wave of commercial systems built on the idea. Celestri, Iridium and Globalstar each planned fewer than 100 satellites. Teledesic aimed for a broadband "Internet in the Sky" with 840 satellites.
The results were grim. Iridium and Globalstar both went bankrupt. Teledesic chose to wind down voluntarily, because financing dried up after the dot-com bubble burst.
SpaceX's own path into the field began quietly. In 2004, Larry Williams opened the company's Washington DC office. He was a SpaceX vice president of strategic relations and a former vice president at Teledesic. That June, SpaceX bought a 10% stake in Surrey Satellite Technology, which was then working to extend the Internet into space. The stake went back to EADS Astrium in 2008, after Surrey shifted toward navigation and Earth observation.
In early 2014, Elon Musk and Greg Wyler were planning a constellation of around 700 satellites called WorldVu. It would have been more than ten times the size of the largest Iridium constellation of the day. Their talks broke down in June 2014. SpaceX then filed with the International Telecommunication Union through the Norwegian Communications Authority, under the name STEAM.
SpaceX confirmed the connection in its 2016 licence application to the Federal Communications Commission. It also trademarked the name Starlink in the United States, a name inspired by the 2012 novel The Fault in Our Stars.
In January 2015, SpaceX opened a satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington, and announced Starlink to the public. At the opening, Musk said that worldwide demand for low-cost broadband was still largely unmet. He set targets of carrying up to 50% of all backhaul communications traffic and up to 10% of local Internet traffic in dense cities.
Musk also tied the project to Mars. He said that positive cash flow from selling satellite Internet would be needed to fund SpaceX's plans for the red planet. The company even spoke of a long-term version of the system for Mars itself.
The team started with 60 engineers in 30000 sqft of leased space. By January 2017 it had added a second Redmond facility of 2800 m2. In July 2016, SpaceX took an additional 8000 sqft creative space in Irvine, California, for signal processing, RFIC and ASIC development.
By October 2016 the hardest problem was price. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said the project remained in the design phase while the company tackled the cost of the user terminal.
In November 2016, SpaceX applied to the FCC for a licence to operate a non-geostationary orbit system using the Ku and Ka frequency bands. The FCC granted it in September 2017. The licence required half the constellation in orbit within six years and the full system within nine.
In March 2018, the FCC approved an initial 4,425 satellites, with conditions, and SpaceX still needed separate approval from the ITU. In May 2018, SpaceX estimated that designing, building and deploying the constellation would cost at least 10 billion US dollars.
The first hardware flew on the 22nd of February 2018. Two test satellites, called MicroSat-2a and MicroSat-2b in development, were renamed Tintin A and Tintin B once deployed. They rode on a Falcon 9 rocket as extra payloads alongside the Paz satellite. They were meant to climb to 1125 km but stayed close to their starting orbit of 514 km.
Mid-2018 brought turmoil. SpaceX reorganized the Redmond satellite division and terminated several members of senior management. In May 2019 the first batch of 60 operational satellites finally flew.
By late 2019 the company was moving from research to manufacturing. Meeting its licence terms meant building and launching "44 high-performance, low-cost spacecraft" every month for the next 60 months.
Each of the first 60 operational satellites weighed 227 kg. Early public releases in 2015 had described smallsats of 100 to 500 kg at about 1100 km. SpaceX settled on a lower 550 km. The company cited debris from failures or fuel exhaustion, and the lower altitude also let it use fewer satellites than first expected.
Altitude is the secret of the speed. A signal relayed through a geostationary satellite has a theoretical minimum round trip of 477 milliseconds, and in practice 600 ms or more. Starlink flies at between 1/105 and 1/30 of that height, which gives latencies of around 25 to 35 ms. That is comparable to cable and fibre.
The satellites carry Hall-effect thrusters that use krypton or argon gas as propellant. They raise the orbit, hold position and bring each satellite down at the end of its life. Krypton erodes the thruster channel faster than xenon would. It is also much more abundant and cheaper. SpaceX says its second-generation argon thruster delivers 2.4 times the thrust and 1.5 times the specific impulse of the krypton version.
The early satellites flew without laser links between them. The inter-satellite lasers were successfully tested in late 2020, and the v1.5 design launched with them on the 24th of January 2021. That version weighed around 295 kg.
The v2 mini is a different animal. It weighs up to 800 kg and measures 4.1 m by 2.7 m, with two solar arrays totalling 120 m2. It offers about three to four times more usable bandwidth per satellite and still fits on a Falcon 9. The larger Gen2 satellites need the 9 m diameter Starship. In March 2023, the company said it was building six v2 mini satellites per day.
Musk framed the whole effort in one line: "We're going to try and do for satellites what we've done for rockets."
On the ground, customers use a flat terminal the size of a pizza box. It holds a phased array antenna that tracks the satellites, and it can be mounted anywhere with a clear view of the sky. That includes trains and airplanes. Musk had promised a "UFO on a stick" before photographs of the antenna first appeared online in June 2020.
In August 2022, security specialist Lennert Wouters accepted SpaceX's open invitation to examine the dish. He described a custom STMicroelectronics chip code-named Catson, a quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor running the Linux kernel. It works with a digital beam former named Shiraz and a front-end module named Pulsarad. Each beamformer controls 16 front-end modules.
In June 2024, SpaceX announced a backpack-sized terminal called Starlink Mini. It supports 100 Mbit/s of download speed. It debuted in Latin America at a price of $200.
The satellites also need ground stations. A typical station has nine 2.86 m antennas inside a fenced area of 400 m2. SpaceX's filings said some stations would sit on site at Google data centers around the world.
In July 2020, Starlink opened a limited beta to invitees, who had to sign non-disclosure agreements. They were charged only $2 per month, just enough to test billing. In October 2020, a wider public beta began. Testers paid full price and could speak freely. They reported speeds above 150 Mbit/s.
That October beta carried the candid name "Better Than Nothing Beta", with a $499 terminal. At commercial launch in the United States, the terminal cost $599 and service cost $120 per month. Another $25 per month allowed the dish to move beyond a fixed address, with lower priority than fixed users.
The first customers came fast. Starlink had about 10,000 subscribers in February 2021 and about 100,000 by June 2021. Then a global chip shortage, which ran from 2020 to 2023, slowed terminal production. Only 5,000 subscribers were added in the last two months of 2021.
Speed was an early worry. According to the analysis company Ookla, average download speeds fell from 90.55 Mbit/s in the first quarter of 2022 to 62.5 Mbit/s in the second, as more customers joined. Sales were capped at a few hundred fixed users per 20 km service cell. A monthly 1 TB data cap for non-business users was enforced starting in 2023.
Other tiers followed in 2022. Starlink Business promised 150 to 500 Mbit/s for a $2,500 terminal and a $500 monthly fee. Starlink Maritime arrived in July 2022 with speeds of 350 Mbit/s, a $10,000 terminal and a $5,000 monthly fee.
The money story is mixed. In January 2017, SpaceX had expected annual revenue of $12 billion by 2022. Reported revenue for 2022 was $1.4 billion, with a net loss. Filings from the Netherlands Chamber of Commerce showed 2024 revenue of $2.7 billion. They also showed a profit of $72 million, after a $30.7 million loss in 2023.
Transport customers gave the network a second market. On the 25th of April 2022, Hawaiian Airlines became the first airline to announce Starlink, offering free Internet on its aircraft. In September 2024, United Airlines said it would install Starlink across its entire fleet. Qatar Airways flew the first Starlink-equipped Boeing 777 on the 22nd of October 2024, from Doha to London.
Bigger fleet deals followed. In November 2025, Emirates announced installations on all 230 of its active aircraft. In January 2026, Lufthansa Group announced Starlink for around 850 aircraft across its brands.
At sea, Starlink is recognized in shipping as a basic welfare for crew members. Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd are among the cargo lines that installed it. In August 2022, Royal Caribbean Group added the service to its Freedom of the Seas liner.
The satellites can also talk to ordinary phones. The first six direct-to-cell satellites launched on the 2nd of January 2024. Text messaging became available in the United States and New Zealand in July 2025. Voice and limited data are meant to follow.
The Federal Communications Commission awarded SpaceX $885.5 million in rural broadband subsidies to serve customers in 35 states. In August 2022, the agency revoked the package, saying Starlink had "failed to demonstrate" its ability to deliver. SpaceX appealed, and in December 2023 the FCC formally denied that appeal.
Abroad, the rules are older and stricter. International treaties and ITU regulations require landing rights from each country, and from that country's communications regulator. As a result, broadband service was available in 115 countries as of July 2025, even though the network reaches almost everywhere, including the polar caps.
Canada moved quickly. SpaceX formally requested authorization in June 2020. Regulators approved it on the 6th of November 2020, and service rolled out two months later.
In May 2022, Starlink entered the Philippines, its first deployment in Asia. A change to the Public Services Act, RA 11659, had opened utility entities to full foreign ownership.
Ownership rules sank a Taiwan deal. Bloomberg reported in July 2023 that talks in 2022 failed when SpaceX insisted on 100% ownership of the local subsidiary. Taiwanese law required Internet providers to be at least 51% controlled by local companies.
India was messier. SpaceX had sold 5000 preorders when the government ordered it to stop. Sanjay Bhargava, who had been named to head the Indian venture, resigned for personal reasons about three months after he was named. In March 2025, Airtel and Jio each announced partnerships with Starlink.
South Africa produced a public dispute. In June 2025 it emerged that Starlink had been operating unlawfully there since 2022 through its roaming service. Users were then told that service was suspended. In March 2025, Musk had claimed that Starlink could not get a licence "simply because I'm not black". Officials in the South African government disputed the claim.
In Brazil in 2024, the telecom regulator Anatel threatened sanctions after the country's top court upheld a ban on X. Judge Alexandre de Moraes had frozen Starlink's accounts. Starlink refused to block domestic access to X until the freeze lifted, which risked its licence.
Iran shows the other side of the problem. In 2022, the U.S. State Department and Treasury updated export rules so Starlink could reach Iranians protesting against compulsory hijab. In October 2023 and March 2024, the ITU ruled for Iran in its complaint against SpaceX. Iran cited an October 2022 tweet from Musk saying terminals in the country were "approaching 100".
Black-market sales pushed the real number far higher. Iranian officials acknowledged 30,000 terminals serving some 100,000 users. Then, during the protests of early 2026, the authorities used military-grade jammers that largely disrupted the signal. The New York Times reported GPS spoofing that kept many of an estimated 50,000 terminals from working.
In February 2026, Vietnam's Ministry of Science and Technology licensed Starlink to run fixed and mobile satellite networks. The plan envisions four ground gateway stations and up to 600,000 user terminals.
In December 2022, SpaceX announced Starshield, a separate service for government and military customers. Musk said that Starlink "needs to be a civilian network, not a participant to combat." Starshield satellites can host classified payloads and link to the commercial satellites by laser.
The first Starshield contract came on the 1st of September 2023 from the U.S. Space Force. It covered a one-year deal supporting 54 mission partners across the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. The Space Force can allocate up to $900 million over ten years to the program, with 16 vendors competing.
Military interest in the satellite design predates that. In October 2020, the Space Development Agency awarded SpaceX an initial $150 million contract for four satellites to detect and track ballistic and hypersonic missiles. The launch slipped from September 2022 and finally flew in April 2023. SpaceX did not win the larger Tranche 1 contract, which went to York Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space and Northrop Grumman Space Systems.
In 2019, the Air Force Research Laboratory demonstrated a 610 Mbit/s data link through Starlink to a Beechcraft C-12 Huron in flight. In May 2022, Chinese military researchers published a strategy for destroying the constellation if it threatened national security. Russia's space agency head, Dmitry Rogozin, warned that Starlink could become a legitimate military target.
The war in Ukraine made those warnings concrete. Starlink was activated after a request from the Ukrainian government, and the country's military and government quickly came to depend on it. It keeps energy infrastructure running. It also connects combat drones, naval drones and artillery coordination systems.
SpaceX has expressed reservations about offensive use and restricted the technology on weapon systems. Musk warned that the service was costing $20 million per month. A Ukrainian official estimated SpaceX's contributions at over $100 million. In June 2023, the U.S. Department of Defense signed a contract to finance Starlink use in Ukraine.
Musk's role drew scrutiny. He first donated terminals, but later decisions to limit Ukrainian access coincided with Russian pressure. The Wall Street Journal reported in October 2024 that Musk had been in regular contact with Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials since late 2022. In a November 2024 call with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Musk said he would keep supporting Ukraine.
In October 2023, users flooded X with the hashtag #starlinkforgaza after Internet service in Gaza was lost. Musk first said connectivity would go to aid groups. At the end of November, he said service would require the approval of the Israeli government.
In the Sahel, the effect cut the other way. A leader of the Union of Nigeriens for Vigilance and Patriotism in the Agadez region said, "These days, every suspicious vehicle seems to carry one of these Starlink devices." Armed groups use an illicit supply chain to get them. In the Battle of Tinzaouaten in 2024, the Azawad Liberation Front used Starlink to keep dispersed units in contact and post updates.
During the 2026 Iran conflict, SpaceX and the Pentagon clashed over pricing for LUCAS drones. SpaceX said they flew under conditions consistent with its aviation tier. Pentagon officials said that pricing was meant for aircraft, not short-duration kamikaze drones. The Pentagon later agreed to higher terms.
Criminal networks use the service too. The Associated Press reported in 2023 that Brazilian groups relied on it in remote parts of the Amazon rainforest. In February 2025, Wired and the BBC reported heavy use by scam centers in Southeast Asia. Wired found more than one hundred Starlink devices at one site, KK Park in Myanmar. In October 2025, SpaceX said it had cut off at least 2,500 devices used in Myanmar scamming centers.
In late 2017, SpaceX filed documents with the FCC describing how satellites nearing the end of their useful lives, roughly five to seven years, would leave orbit. Each would move to a disposal orbit and re-enter the atmosphere within about a year of finishing its mission. SpaceX said that pace was far faster than international standards require.
In March 2018, the FCC went further. Backed by a NASA request, it asked SpaceX to reach a de-orbiting reliability higher than the standard NASA had used for itself, which was 90% of satellites after their missions ended.
The design changed to match. SpaceX said 95% of the components on the 60 v0.9 satellites launched in May 2019 would burn up on re-entry. For the v1.0 design that began launching in November 2019, the figure was 100%. The satellites are also designed to avoid collisions on their own, using tracking data uplinked to them.
Astronomers raised a different complaint. They warned about the effect on ground-based astronomy and how the satellites add to an already crowded orbital environment. One v1.0 satellite, numbered 1130 and called DarkSat, got a special coating to lower its albedo. SpaceX abandoned the method over thermal issues and infrared reflectivity.
Visors came next. Every satellite launched since the ninth launch in August 2020 carried a visor to block sunlight from reflecting off parts of the satellite. From September 2021 onward the visors were dropped, and SpaceX moved on to a dielectric mirror film for the larger second generation.
The numbers keep growing. Between February 2018 and May 2024, SpaceX successfully launched over 6,000 Starlink satellites, including prototypes and some that later failed or were de-orbited. Plans now call for nearly 12,000 satellites, with a possible later extension to 34,400.
In January 2026, SpaceX announced that it would lower approximately 4,400 satellites from 550 km to 480 km over the course of the year. The company cited improved space safety and a shorter decay time for decommissioned satellites.
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Updated
Common questions
Who owns and operates Starlink?
Starlink is operated by Starlink Services, LLC, an international telecommunications provider that is a wholly owned subsidiary of the American aerospace company SpaceX.
Why does Starlink have lower delay than older satellite Internet?
Its satellites orbit at roughly 1/105 to 1/30 of the height of geostationary satellites. That gives latencies of around 25 to 35 ms, compared with 600 ms or more in practice for geostationary service.
Where did the name Starlink come from?
SpaceX trademarked the name in the United States. It was inspired by the 2012 novel The Fault in Our Stars.
What is Starshield?
Starshield is a separate service announced in December 2022 for government and military customers. Its satellite buses are derived from Starlink designs and can host classified payloads.
Why is Starlink not available everywhere?
International treaties and ITU rules require landing rights from each country and its national communications regulator. Business and economic considerations also affect which countries get service and when.
All sources
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- 148How Elon Musk's Starlink satellite internet keeps Ukraine onlineSeptember 3, 2022
- 149Musk deputy's words on Starlink 'weaponization' vex UkraineFrank Bajak — February 9, 2023
- 151NewsStarlink Limits Ukraine's Maritime Drones At Time Of New Russian ThreatH. I. Sutton — February 15, 2023
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- 157NewsElon Musk (@elonmusk) on X2026-10-24
- 158NewsUkraine says its military did not violate Starlink terms, disputing Elon Musk claimCBC — 2026-10-25
- 160NewsMusk says Starlink will provide Gaza connectivity for aid groupsEmily Rose et al. — October 28, 2023
- 161Elon Musk, Israel agree on use of SpaceX Starlink satellite internet in GazaNovember 29, 2023
- 162West Africa Risk Bulletin #12May 12, 2025
- 166Musk brought internet to Brazil's Amazon. Criminals love it.Fabiano Maisonnave — Associated Press — March 16, 2023
- 167MagazineElon Musk's Starlink Is Keeping Modern Slavery Compounds OnlineMatt Burgess — Wired
- 168Myanmar's Shwe Kokko: Inside a city 'built on scams'February 6, 2025
- 170Elon Musk is helping Iranians access internet amid government crackdownSeptember 26, 2022
- 171MagazineElon Musk's Starlink Helps Iranians Access Internet Amid ProtestsSeptember 26, 2022
- 173Elon Musk says Starlink inactive in India after second device seizedDecember 18, 2024
- 174VideoInternet Blackout enters Fourth day, Starlink providing internet access to IraniansJamille Whitlow — January 12, 2026
- 175How Iran protesters are defying regime — secrets, lies and StarlinkGabrielle Weiniger — January 9, 2026
- 176News'Kill Switch'—Iran Shuts Down Starlink Internet For First TimeZak Doffman
- 177How Iran jammed Starlink (and how Iranians are trying to get around it)January 14, 2026
- 178Iran seizing satellite dishes amid blackout to block any external accessJanuary 12, 2026
- 179NewsInside the Fight to Keep Iran OnlineAdam Satariano et al. — January 15, 2026
- 180NewsHawaiian Airlines to Offer Free, High-Speed Starlink Internet Connectivity on Transpacific FleetHawaiian Airlines — April 25, 2022
- 181Starlink Lands United Deal for the Airline's Full Fleet – Sept. 13Rich Abott — September 19, 2024
- 183United receives FAA approval for first Starlink-equipped planesDavid Sherpardson — March 31, 2025
- 184British Airways launches Starlink on a 787 todayAl — March 20, 2026
- 185British Airways launches faster wifi with first Starlink flightNeil Lancefield — March 20, 2026
- 188Starlink su ITA Airways: Wi-Fi veloce gratis con Travel IDAlex Achille — January 15, 2026
- 191Air France Free Starlink Wi-Fi Rollout Begins, Fleetwide By Late 2026Ben Schlappig — September 9, 2025
- 193Air New Zealand partners with Starlink for onboard wifiCat Vitale — December 13, 2023
- 194Press Release: airBaltic becomes first European airline to launch StarlinkBecca Alkema — February 24, 2025
- 197Alaska Airlines selects Starlink, the fastest Wi-Fi in the sky, to launch new era of connectivityAlaska Airlines — August 20, 2025
- 198Air Canada taps Starlink for some Q400s as part of broader redesignMary Kirby — September 17, 2025
- 199Starlink becomes flydubai's inflight connectivity providerMark Reif — November 19, 2025
- 203American Airlines picks SpaceX's Starlink for in-flight Wi-Fi on more than 500 planesLeslie Josephs — May 26, 2026
- 204NewsWizz Air to offer Starlink in-flight internet from 2027Reuters — June 8, 2026
- 205NewsIsrael's El Al Airlines signs internet deal with Elon Musk's StarlinkReuters — June 15, 2026
- 206NewsFrontier Airlines to debut in-flight Wi-Fi in 2027 with SpaceX's StarlinkCNBC — July 14, 2026
- 207NewsCebu Pacific Air Plans Starlink Rollout From 2027Aviation Week — July 14, 2026
- 208NewsVolaris to Equip Entire Fleet With Starlink Wi-Fi in 2027Mexican Business — July 14, 2026
- 209NewsCopa Airlines Becomes First Airline in Latin America to Offer Starlink High-Speed Inflight InternetCopa Airlines — July 14, 2026
- 210NewsJetSMART to Equip Its Entire Fleet with StarlinkAviation Club Center — July 14, 2026
- 217Wi-Fi on Cruise Ships: How to Stay Connected at SeaRobert Schrader — 2025-11-05
- 220MSC CRUISES' FLEET BOOSTED WITH STARLINK CONNECTIVITYFebruary 28, 2024
- 224Shipping Company Hapag-Lloyd Chooses Starlink for its FleetMark Holmes — September 21, 2023
- 225Shipping Industry Adopts Starlink as Crew Welfare StandardJanuary 19, 2026
- 226NewsElon Musk's company SpaceX applies to offer high-speed Internet service to CanadiansCBC News — June 19, 2020
- 227Canadians Can Now Sign Up for Starlink Internet beta Without an Invite, If EligibleiPhone in Canada — January 21, 2021
- 228Starlink is available in Malta – now serving 40 countries around the world! → starlink.com/mapSeptember 10, 2022
- 229Our license applications are pending in many more countries. Hoping to serve Earth soon!Elon Musk — August 23, 2021
- 230.@SpaceX is joining the effort to help get Canadians connected to high-speed Internet! Regulatory approval for the @SpaceXStarlink low Earth orbit satellite constellation has been granted!ISED — November 6, 2020
- 232Starlink connectivity effective in 9 provinces – MutatiApril 6, 2023
- 233Starlink secures licence to operate in ZambiaJune 9, 2023
- 234Elon Musk's Starlink given license to operate in ZambiaJune 7, 2023
- 235Starlink goes live in ZambiaOctober 5, 2023
- 237Starlink goes live in ZambiaOctober 5, 2023
- 239NewsMusk Ultimatum to Taiwan Imperils Its Push to War-Proof InternetJuly 6, 2023
- 240SpaceX's Starlink broadband to be available in Japan's remote areas next yearSpaceNews — September 13, 2021
- 241Starlink is available for service in 36 countries (or 41 markets) around the world, now including Luxembourg, Saint Martin, and St. Barthelemy → http://starlink.com/mapJuly 22, 2022
- 242NewsStarlink approved in Nigeria and Mozambique, says Elon MuskMay 27, 2022
- 243NewsThe Philippines gives green light to StarlinkMay 27, 2022
- 244NewsElon Musk's Starlink gets nod to provide internet in PhilippinesMay 27, 2022
- 246NewsStarlink Arrives in Antarctica, Into Traditional Iridium TerritorySam Anderson — September 17, 2022
- 247NewsStarlink Satellite Internet Tested In Antarctica To Aid Research On The Icy ContinentBharat Sharma — January 23, 2023
- 250Musk's Starlink to get satellite Internet licence next monthSeptember 28, 2023
- 251India: Starlink approval imminent?September 29, 2023
- 252NewsSanjay Bhargava to head Elon Musk's Starlink satellite broadband venture in IndiaThe Economic Times
- 253NewsStarlink's head of India resigns as SpaceX refunds preordersJason Rainbow — January 4, 2022
- 255NewsFiji consumer watchdog welcomes news of Starlink licencesJohn Tanner — November 21, 2023
- 256NewsStarlink now live across FijiVijay Narayan — May 20, 2024
- 263Starlink gets a licence to launch service in Sri LankaAugust 14, 2024
- 266Starlink is now in Sri LankaJuly 2, 2025
- 268NewsGov't approves the satellite Internet service "Starlink"August 13, 2024
- 270Houthis demand immediate surrender of Starlink devices in YemenApril 28, 2025
- 271Qatar Airways Launches the World's First Boeing 777 Starlink-Equipped FlightOctober 23, 2024
- 275NewsAirtel Announces Agreement with SpaceX to Bring Starlink's High-Speed Internet to its Customers in IndiaBhuvnesh Asthana — March 11, 2025
- 277ATM slams illegal operation of Elon Musk's Starlink in SAQueenin Masuabi — June 4, 2025
- 279Starlink orders ICASAsePush to halt operations in South Africa as regulator Icasa cracks whipJonisayi Maromo — June 3, 2025
- 281Elon Musk Claims Starlink Can't Operate in South Africa Because He's 'Not Black'Maryam Khanum — Latin Times — March 23, 2025
- 282SpaceX's Vietnam unit licensed to provide Starlink services, appoints local CEOTho Vinh — February 15, 2026
- 283Vietnam Gives Greenlight to Starlink Satellite Internet ServiceSebastian Strangio — February 17, 2026
- 284NewsSpaceX's Starlink gets nod for satellite internet in VietnamFebruary 14, 2026
- 286NewsWhere will Elon Musk's 4 Starlink gateways be located in Vietnam?Dat Trong — February 20, 2026
- 290Gov't approves Starlink operations after 2026 Election controversyThe Independent — 2026-05-16
- 291Uganda approves Starlink after regulatory agreement2026-05-15
- 293Starlink Is Now Live in UgandaMustapha Iderawumi — 2026-09-01
- 295Activating Starlink...Elon Musk — September 23, 2022
- 296NewsIran Takes Battle to Block Musk's Starlink Internet to UNBruce Einhorn — March 27, 2024
- 297Itu.int
- 298NewsStarlink usage in Iran skyrocketsMaya Mehrara — January 7, 2025
- 299NewsSpaceX's new Seattle-area office is in Redmond; Elon Musk to visit region this weekTodd Bishop — January 13, 2015
- 300NewsSpaceX adds a big new lab to its satellite development operation in Seattle areaGeekWire — January 27, 2017
- 301SpaceX expands its satellite operation in RedmondApril 8, 2021
- 302Starlink Predicts Huge Growth for Printed Circuit Board Production in TexasMichael Kan — September 27, 2024
- 303SpaceX wants to fly some internet satellites closer to Earth to cut down on space trashLoren Grush — The Verge — November 9, 2018
- 304VideoISSRDC 2015 – A Conversation with Elon MuskISS National Lab — July 8, 2015
- 305SpaceX Non-Geostationary Satellite System – Attachment AFCC Space Station Applications — November 15, 2016
- 306SAT-LOA-20161115-00118FCC Space Station Applications — November 15, 2016
- 307Re: Space Exploration Holdings, LLC, IBFS File No. SAT-LOA-20161115-00118William M. Wiltshire — FCC Space Station Application — April 20, 2017
- 308SpaceX Successfully Tests Inter-Satellite Starlink Connectivity Via LasersRamish Zafar — September 3, 2020
- 309SpaceX's Starlink internet shows fast speeds during early tests, capable of gaming and streamingMichael Sheetz — CNBC — September 3, 2020
- 310NewsSpaceX chief Elon Musk has high hopes for Seattle officeDana Hull et al. — Seattle Times — January 14, 2015
- 311NewsElon Musk and Richard Branson invest in satellite-Internet venturesMelody Petersen — January 16, 2015
- 312NewsIn 5G proceeding, SpaceX urges FCC to protect future satellite venturesMonica Alleven — FierceWirelessTech — February 22, 2015
- 313SpaceX hits two milestones in plan for low-latency satellite broadbandJon Brodkin — Ars Technica — February 14, 2018
- 314@andrestaltz Will be simpler than IPv6 and have tiny packet overhead. Definitely peer-to-peer.Elon Musk — February 25, 2018
- 316SpaceX's Starlink satellite lawyers refute latest "flawed" OneWeb critiqueEric Ralph — Teslarati — March 22, 2019
- 317Krypton Hall Thrusters – Identification, Evaluation and Testing of Alternative Propellants for Electric Propulsion SystemsEuropean Space Agency — September 6, 2017
- 319SpaceX launches first upgraded Starlink satellitesJeff Foust — February 28, 2023
- 322@antonkanerva Yes. Everything is slow to a phased array antenna.Elon Musk — October 14, 2020
- 324Teen develops products to make flying safer and more enjoyable — General Aviation NewsJanice Wood — January 16, 2025
- 326NewsDishy McFlatface to become "fully mobile", allowing Starlink use away from homeBrodkin — Ars Technica — April 19, 2021
- 327NewsTeardown of "Dishy McFlatface", the SpaceX Starlink user terminalBrodkin — Ars Technica — December 2, 2020
- 328NewsSpaceX Reveals Monthly Cost Of Starlink Internet In Its 'Better Than Nothing Beta'Jonathan O'Callaghan — October 27, 2020
- 329NewsSpaceX Starlink beta arrives in the UK, sets sights on rest of Europe and AustraliaEric Ralph — January 4, 2021
- 330SpaceX to test Starlink terminals on shipsSeptember 21, 2020
- 331Glitched on Earth by Humans: A Black-Box Security Evaluation of the SpaceX Starlink User TerminalLennert Wouters — Black Hat USA 2022 — August 10, 2022
- 335SpaceX launches Starlink V2 satellites to increase internet capacityChris Stokel-Walker — February 28, 2023
- 337NewsGoogle wins cloud deal from Elon Musk's SpaceX for Starlink internet connectivityJordan Novet — CNBC — May 13, 2021
- 340SpaceX's Patricia Cooper: 2 demo sats launching in next few months, then constellation deployment in 2019. Can start service w/ ~800 sats.Caleb Henry — October 25, 2017
- 344NewsHow SpaceX Plans to Test Its Satellite Internet Service in 2016Alan Boyle — NBC News — June 4, 2015
- 345NewsSpaceX founder files with government to provide Internet service from spaceCecilia Kang et al. — June 9, 2015
- 346StarlinkElon Musk
- 347NewsDigital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the PacificJohn Garrity et al. — April 2021
- 348Starlink Block v1.0Gunter Krebs
- 350Starlink Discussion National Academy Of SciencesSpaceX — April 28, 2020
- 351SpaceX to add sunshades to all future Starlink satellitesMay 27, 2020
- 352SpaceX launches first batch of Starlink satellites wearing sun visorsEric Mack — August 7, 2020
- 353NewsStarlink Satellites Are Fainter Now — But Still VisibleJanuary 22, 2021
- 354Starlink Satellite Brightness Before VisorSatAnthony Mallama — June 15, 2020
- 355NewsSpaceX to ramp up Vandenberg launch cadence with Starlink missionsStephen Clark — Spaceflight Now — April 6, 2021
- 356Journal'Unsustainable': how satellite swarms pose a rising threat to astronomyAlexandra Witze — May 26, 2022
- 357NewsSpaceX looks to build next-generation Starlink internet satellites after launching 1,000 so farMichael Sheetz — January 29, 2021
- 358VideoGo up SpaceX's Starship-catching robotic launch tower with Elon Musk!May 26, 2022
- 359NewsForget 5G wireless, SpaceX and T-Mobile want to offer Zero-G coverageEric Berger — August 25, 2022
- 361NewsSpaceX CEO Elon Musk reveals next-generation Starlink satellite detailsEric Ralph — May 30, 2022
- 362NewsAll future Starlink satellites will have laser crosslinksJason Rainbow — August 26, 2021
- 363After the FCC last week authorized SpaceX to deploy 7,500 Gen2 Starlink satellites, the company yesterday filed a request to put payloads on 2,016 of those satellites for its direct-to-cell system with T-Mobile to enable coverage "by mid-2024."Michael Sheetz — December 7, 2022
- 367NewsSpaceX begins launching Starlink second generation constellationAlejandro Romera — December 28, 2022
- 368SpaceX might launch first Starlink Gen2 satellites next weekDecember 22, 2022
- 370Wow! Watch SpaceX's Starship megarocket deploy satellites into orbit for 1st time ever (photos, video)Mike Wall — September 28, 2026
- 371Starlink Version 3 SatellitesStarlink
- 372Starlink Launch StatisticsJonathan McDowell — January 8, 2026
- 374SpaceX launches more Starlink satellites, beta testing well underwaySpaceflight Now — September 3, 2020
- 375Falcon 9 launches 60 Starlink satellites to orbit – targeting up to 6 Starlink launches this year and will accelerate our cadence next year to put ~720 satellites in orbit for continuous coverage of most populated areas on Earth https://t.co/HF8bCI4JQDSpaceX — May 24, 2019
- 378Starship's Thirteenth Flight Test2026-07-24
- 380NewsFCC gets five new applications for non-geostationary satellite constellationsCaleb Henry — SpaceNews — March 2, 2017
- 381NewsSpaceX asks FCC to make exception for LEO constellations in Connect America Fund decisionsCaleb Henry — SpaceNews — September 19, 2017
- 382Authorizing SpaceX V-Band Constellation Deployment & OperationOctober 25, 2018
- 383NewsFCC tells SpaceX it can deploy up to 11,943 broadband satellitesJon Brodkin — Ars Technica — March 30, 2018
- 384OneWeb, SpaceX satellites dodged a potential collision in orbitJoey Roulette — April 9, 2021
- 385SAT-MOD-20181108-00083/SATMOD2018110800083FCC — November 18, 2018
- 387NewsFCC OKs lower orbit for some Starlink satellitesCaleb Henry — SpaceNews — April 26, 2019
- 388NewsSpaceX submits paperwork for 30,000 more Starlink satellitesOctober 15, 2019
- 389SpaceX Services Application for Blanket-licensed Earth stationsFCC — February 1, 2019
- 390FCC Form 442 – Application for new or modified radio station under Part 5 of FCC rules – Experimental radio service: 0517-EX-CN-2019Federal Communications Commission
- 3910517-EX-CN-2019 – Application Question 7: Purpose of ExperimentFCC — June 2019
- 392FCC Form 442 – Application for New or Modified Radio Station Under Part 5 of FCC Rules – Experimental Radio Service: 0515-EX-CN-2019Federal Communications Commission
- 393Application question 7: Purpose of ExperimentFCC — June 2019
- 394Sending this tweet through space via Starlink satellite 🛰Elon Musk — October 22, 2019
- 395Starlink plans to lower satellite orbit to enhance safety in 2026Reuters — January 1, 2026
- 397SpaceX opens busy second half of 2022 with Starlink launchAlejandro Alcantarilla Romera — July 7, 2022
- 399Starlink StatisticsJonathan McDowell — Jonathan's Space Report — August 2, 2022
- 400SpaceX is on tap to begin Starlink launches to the third shell of their constellation this coming July with two launches from Vandenberg: Starlink Group 3-1 and Starlink Group 3-2Alejandro Alcantarilla Romera — May 20, 2022
- 401NewsSpaceX Seeks FCC Permission for Operating All First-Gen Starlink in Lower OrbitSpaceNews — April 21, 2020
- 403Spacex V-Band Non-Geostationary Satellite SystemApril 17, 2020
- 404SpaceX modifies Starlink network designSpaceflight Now — April 21, 2020
- 405Starlink Gen2 FCC Application Narrative AttachmentFCC — May 26, 2020
- 406NewsFCC approves SpaceX change to its Starlink network, a win despite objections from Amazon and othersMichael Sheetz — April 27, 2021
- 407NewsU.S. FCC approves SpaceX satellite deployment planYahoo Finance — April 27, 2021
- 408SpaceX surpasses 1,000-satellite mark in latest Starlink launchJanuary 20, 2021
- 409SpaceX smashes record with launch of 143 small satellitesSpaceflight Now — January 24, 2021
- 410Dozens of Starlink satellites from latest launch to reenter after geomagnetic stormJeff Foust — February 9, 2022
- 411Object 51470, one of the failed Starlink satellites from the recent launch, reentered at 1708 UTC Feb 12 off the coast of California. I believe this to be the last of the failed satellites to reenter; the remaining 11 satellites still being tracked are slowly raising their orbitsJonathan McDowell — February 13, 2022
- 412NewsGeomagnetic storm and recently deployed Starlink satellitesFebruary 3, 2022
- 416Enormous ('Mega') Satellite ConstellationsJonathan McDowell — April 12, 2024
- 418We call them "V2 Mini". They represent a step forward in Starlink capabilityFebruary 26, 2023
- 419SpaceX
- 420Image of a Starlink V2 Mini satellite in orbit. This also confirms that V2 Mini satellites gave 2 solar arrays xompared to the V1.5 satellites which have 1 solar array.GewoonLukas_ — March 7, 2023
- 421Re: IBFS File Nos. SAT-LOA-20200526-00055 and SAT-AMD-20210818-00105January 7, 2022
- 422SpaceX Starship Flight 11 launch: Live updatesJosh Dinner et al. — October 11, 2024
- 423SpaceX executes second-ever 'chopsticks' booster catch but Starship spacecraft is lostJackie Wattles — January 16, 2025
- 424VideoSECO Achieved + Elon Musk's 2026 Mars Plan! Starbase UpdateJune 2, 2025
- 425VideoThe FINAL Starship Launch from Pad 1: Success + 2 Explosions!October 13, 2025
- 426Starship Flight 14SpaceX
- 427SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket debris creates dramatic fireball over Europe, crashes in Poland (video)Julian Dossett — February 20, 2025
- 428SpaceX rocket debris crashes into PolandEve Webster — February 19, 2025
- 429Polish Space Agency President Sacked Over Falcon 9 Debris ControversyAndrew Parsonson — March 11, 2025
- 432NewsAfter SpaceX Starlink Launch, a Fear of Satellites That Outnumber All Visible StarsShannon Hall — June 2019
- 433NewsThe unexpected brightness of new satellites could ruin the night skyMay 30, 2019
- 434SpaceX's Starlink Could Change The Night Sky Forever, And Astronomers Are Not HappyJonathan O'Callaghan
- 436IAU's statement on satellite constellationsInternational Astronomical Union
- 437Statement on Starlink and "Constellations" of Communication SatellitesNational Radio Astronomy Observatory
- 438SKAO needs corrective measures from satellite "mega-constellation" operators to minimise impact on its telescopesSquare Kilometre Array Organization — October 7, 2020
- 441Starlink Satellites Imaged from CTIO — IOTW1946November 20, 2019
- 442Sightings of SpaceX's Starlink satellites spark awe — and astronomical angstGeek Wire — May 25, 2019
- 443If predictions are correct that 400–500 Starlink satellites about that bright will also be visible *all the time*Mark McCaughrean — May 25, 2019
- 444SpaceX just launched 60 new satellites, which have been spotted as a chain of bright lights across the sky. As more are launched and orbits change, this could be a very big problem for ground-based astronomy. Musk's offhand "they can't be seen at night" is not true or reassuring. https://t.co/OwbsPJOw9HKatie Mack — May 25, 2019
- 445@AstroKatie Even if they were only visible at dusk and dawn as claimed, they would still affect our data because we take calibrations then. Dusk/dawn flats are hard enough to take as is. Having a subset of 12,000 bright things running through those exposures would be infuriating.Jamie R. Lomax — May 25, 2019
- 446I know people are excited about those images of the train of SpaceX Starlink satellites, but it gives me pause. They're bright, and there are going to be a lot of them. If SpaceX launches all 12,000, they will outnumber stars visible to the naked eye.Alex Parker — May 25, 2019
- 447@13ericralph31 @varunversion1 @Erdayastronaut @SpaceX If we need to tweak sat orientation to minimize solar reflection during critical astronomical experiments, that's easily done. Most orbital objects are close to Earth btw, as shown by this NASA density map. https://t.co/83MwIZAEP6 https://t.co/NllMXregRgElon Musk — May 27, 2019
- 448@Cosmic_Penguin Agreed, sent a note to Starlink team last week specifically regarding albedo reduction. We'll get a better sense of value of this when satellites have raised orbits & arrays are tracking to the sun.Elon Musk — May 27, 2019
- 449A Flat-Panel Brightness Model for the Starlink Satellites and Measurement of their Absolute Visual MagnitudeAnthony Mallama — 2020
- 450JournalFirst observations and magnitude measurement of Starlink's DarksatJ. Tregloan-Reed et al. — 2020
- 451SpaceX's Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for AstronomersEmily Zhang — Scientific American
- 452SpaceX to debut satellite-dimming sunshade on Starlink launch next monthSpaceflight Now — April 28, 2020
- 453SpaceX's Starlink network surpasses 400-satellite mark after successful launchStephen Clark — Spaceflight Now — April 22, 2020
- 454JournalA Sky Brightness Model for the Starlink "Visorsat" SpacecraftRichard E. Cole — 2020
- 455The Brightness of VisorSat-Design Starlink SatellitesAnthony Mallama — January 2, 2021
- 456JournalSatellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on EarthAaron C. Boley et al. — May 20, 2021
- 458SpaceX launches 1st batch of new 'V2 mini' Starlink satellites to orbitElizabeth Howell — February 27, 2023
- 460ReportStarlink Generation 2 Mini satellites: photometric characterizationMallama, A. et al. — June 11, 2023
- 461Starlink satellites are 'leaking' signals that interfere with our most sensitive radio telescopesSteven Tingay — October 13, 2023
- 462JournalDetection of intended and unintended emissions from Starlink satellites in the SKA-Low frequency range, at the SKA-Low site, with an SKA-Low station analogD. Grigg et al. — 2023
- 463SpaceX's Starlink Could Cause Cascades of Space JunkJonathan O'Callaghan — Scientific American — May 13, 2019
- 465Starlink failures highlight space sustainability concernsJeff Foust — SpaceNews — July 2, 2019
- 466China aims to launch nearly 13,000 satellites to 'suppress' Elon Musk's Starlink, researchers sayStephen Chen — February 24, 2023
- 468SpaceX reports Starlink satellites make 275 collision-avoidance maneuvers dailyTeslarati — July 25, 2024
- 470SpaceX satellite was on "collision course" until ESA satellite was re-routedArs Technica — September 3, 2019
- 471NewsChina anger after space station forced to move to avoid Elon Musk Starlink satellitesDecember 27, 2021
- 473Anti-satellite Testing: Megaconstellation ImplicationsLeonard David
- 474NASA Letter to FCC Regarding SpaceX Starlink Gen 2 SystemFebruary 14, 2022
- 476NewsSamsung Wants To Blanket The Earth In Satellite InternetDave Gershgorn — Popular Science — August 17, 2015
- 477Mobile Internet from the HeavensFarooq Khan — 2015
- 478NewsTelesat to announce manufacturing plans for LEO constellation in coming monthsJeff Foust — SpaceNews — February 18, 2018
- 479NewsAmazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from spaceMichael Sheetz — CNBC — April 4, 2019
- 480NewsAmazon cloud business reaches into space with satellite connection serviceMichael Sheetz — CNBC — November 27, 2018
- 481NewsWall Street Grills Fleet Operators Over Mega-Constellation ThreatPeter B. de Selding — February 23, 2015
- 482SpaceX's Gwynne Shotwell signals go-slow approach for Seattle satellite planAlan Boyle — October 27, 2015
- 483Panasonic Avionics' surprising conversion into a satellite mega-constellation believerPeter B. de Selding — Space Intel Report — October 5, 2017
- 484Musk's Internet-From-Space Subsidy at Risk as Rivals ProtestTodd Shields — February 4, 2021
- 485Small internet service providers say SpaceX's Starlink shouldn't get federal funds to expand internet accessFatma Khaled — Business Insider — February 4, 2021
- 486Elon Musk fights with Mexican businessman over StarLink trademark registrationSeptember 1, 2021
- 487NewsSpaceX to appeal losing Starlink trademark in UkraineApril 14, 2023
- 488Amazon Leo debuts new gigabit-speed 'Ultra' antenna, begins enterprise previewNovember 24, 2025
- 489Home
- 491China launches new Guowang satellites, Long March 12A launch and landing attempt date setAndrew Jones — December 12, 2025
- 493Offshore EnergyJuly 19, 2021
- 494Safety
- 495Lynk demos global satellite connection for ordinary phones and prepares for commercial launchDevin Coldewey — September 29, 2021
- 496O3b mPOWER | SESOctober 22, 2025
- 497NewsThe race for space-based broadband: OneWeb launches 34 more internet satellitesJackie Wattles — February 6, 2020
- 499NewsChina launches 8th batch of satellites for 13,000-strong internet megaconstellation (video)Mike Wall — space.com — August 13, 2025