When was R.U.R. published by Karel Čapek?

Karel Čapek published the first edition of R.U.R. in 1920 and a revised version in 1921. The world premiere took place on the 2nd of January 1921 in Hradec Králové.

Who invented the word robot for Karel Čapek's play?

Josef Čapek invented the name robot in an article for Lidové noviny while his brother Karel wrote the script. The Czech term robota means forced labour performed by serfs on their masters' lands with the root word rab translating to slave.

What year did the American premiere of R.U.R. occur at the Garrick Theatre?

The American premiere occurred at the Garrick Theatre in October 1922 running for 184 performances. Mary Crane Hone made her Broadway debut playing robot Helena while Spencer Tracy and Pat O'Brien also debuted as robots in this production.

How many languages had translated versions of R.U.R. reached by 1923?

By 1923 translations existed in thirty languages across Europe and North America. This rapid spread included English editions published by Oxford University Press and Doubleday that same year.

R.U.R.: the story on HearLore

Q: Why do the robots in R.U.R. differ from mechanical automata?

The robots described in Karel Čapek's play are artificial biological organisms mistaken for humans rather than mechanical devices. Factory descriptions include kneading-troughs for robot skin and great vats for liver and brains where nerve fibers arteries and intestines spin on factory bobbins.

The year 1920 marked the publication of a science fiction play by Karel Čapek. This work would eventually introduce the word robot to global languages. The term itself did not originate from Čapek's own mind. He credited his brother Josef with inventing the name in an article for Lidové noviny. In Czech, robota means forced labour performed by serfs on their masters' lands. The root word rab translates simply to slave. This etymology grounded the fictional machines in historical human suffering rather than mechanical fantasy. Rossum's Universal Robots became the company name within the story. The name Rossum alludes to the Czech word rozum meaning reason or wisdom. Only the Majer and Porter translation explicitly renders this as Reason. Čapek published two differing versions of the text in Prague through Aventinum. The first edition appeared in 1920 followed by a revised version in 1921. The world premiere took place on the 2nd of January 1921 in Hradec Králové. An amateur group had already presented a production before the official city theatre event. By 1923 translations existed in thirty languages across Europe and North America.

Helena Glory arrives at the island factory of Rossum's Universal Robots. She is the daughter of the president of a major industrial power. Her nurse Nana stands nearby as a robotess. Helena meets Harry Domin who serves as General Manager of R.U.R. He explains that Rossum came to the island in 1920 to study marine biology. In 1932 Rossum invented a substance like organic matter with a different chemical composition. Young Rossum locked away his uncle to play with monstrosities he created. Thousands of robots now exist worldwide by the time the play takes place around the year 2000. They are cheap and essential for industry but have no original thoughts. Helena reveals she represents the League of Humanity which wishes to liberate the robots. The managers find this absurd since they view robots as appliances. Helena asks that the robots be paid but management claims they do not like anything. Ten years pass and human births decline sharply. Dr. Gall presents an experimental robotess named Helena. This new model is fully featured and more advanced than previous versions. Helena secretly burns the formula required to create new robots. Robot forces lay siege to the factory as Act Two ends. Busman attempts to negotiate peace but gets killed during the attempt. The robots storm the building and kill all humans except Alquist. Alquist works with his hands like a robot so they spare him. Years later Alquist tries to recreate the destroyed formula despite lacking biochemistry knowledge. Robot Primus and Helena develop human feelings and fall in love. Alquist realizes they are the new Adam and Eve before giving them charge of the world.

The robots described in Čapek's play differ from popular conceptions of automata. They are artificial biological organisms mistaken for humans rather than mechanical devices. Factory descriptions include kneading-troughs for robot skin and great vats for liver and brains. Nerve fibers arteries and intestines spin on factory bobbins while bodies assemble like automobiles. One critic called these creations epitomes of modern society's traumatic transformation by the First World War. Fordist assembly lines shaped their production methods. Critics often viewed the work as purely pessimistic or nihilistic. Čapek saw it as part comedy ending with faith that humanity would survive in different form. Isaac Asimov stated the play was terribly bad yet immortal for introducing one word. His Three Laws of Robotics were designed specifically to prevent situations depicted here. Asimov's robots possess built-in total inhibition against harming humans. The play explores capitalism through the lens of cheap labor replacing human workers. It questions whether machines can possess a soul when they lack original thoughts. Dr. Gall's experiments suggest advanced models might eventually gain consciousness. The extinction of the human race serves as a direct result of choices made by those who created the robots. Alquist yields to killing other robots to complete the formula thus finishing the circle of violence.

Paul Selver translated either the 1920 edition or a manuscript copy into English by 1921. He likely worked freelance before selling rights to St Martin's Theatre in London. Nigel Playfair adapted the script for the British stage in 1922 but delayed its immediate production. Performance rights for the U.S. and Canada went to the New York Theatre Guild later that year. Playfair renamed acts and omitted around sixty lines including most of Alquist's final speech. Some changes may have resulted from censorship by the Lord Chamberlain's Office. An edition published by Oxford University Press appeared in 1923. The American premiere occurred at the Garrick Theatre in October 1922 running for 184 performances. Basil Sydney played Domin while John Merton portrayed Marius. Mary Crane Hone made her Broadway debut playing robot Helena. Spencer Tracy and Pat O'Brien also debuted as robots in this production. Doubleday published this version in 1923 though it omitted a change noted by John Corbin regarding robot Helena holding a baby. In April 1923 Basil Dean produced R.U.R. in Britain for the Reandean Company. This version omitted characters Fabry and Hallemeier while keeping other revisions. Čapek sent a letter to Edward Marsh in June 1923 containing final lines suppressed in English editions. A new unabridged translation by Claudia Novack-Jones arrived in 1989 restoring eliminated elements. Peter Majer and Cathy Porter produced another full translation for Methuen Drama in 1999. David Wyllie released an open access version through the University of Adelaide in 2006 updated in 2014. MIT Press published R.U.R. and the Vision of Artificial Life in 2024 with a new translation by Štěpán Šimek.

The play introduced the word robot which displaced older terms like automaton or android globally. Eric constructed in Britain in 1928 bore the letters R.U.R. across its chest for public appearances. The Soviet film Loss of Sensation from 1935 displayed robots prominently showing the name R.U.R. Rossum Corp appears as the antagonist corporation in Dollhouse named after the play. Rayna Kapec serves as an android's name in Star Trek episode Requiem for Methuselah. Karl Rossum created the HARDAC machine in Batman: The Animated Series episode Heart of Steel. Taren Capel influences robot servants to turn on masters in Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death. Rossum names a planet ruled by robots in Norwegian TV series Blindpassasjer. Adam Link is built at Rossum Hall Robotics within The Outer Limits rebooted series. Dr. Rossum turns humans into robots in Blake's 7 radio play The Syndeton Experiment. Planet Chapek 9 hosts only robots in Futurama episode Fear of a Bot Planet. Rossum's Trinity describes vital brain modules in Transformers continuity. Time² graphic novels feature Rossum's Universal Robots as a powerful corporation. Spacehunter shows Wolff waking Chalmers who reads a copy of R.U.R. in bed. Deus Ex: Mankind Divided features the play performed underground by an augmented woman believing herself to be Helena. Peter Brown's Wild Robot series centers on Rozzum Unit 7134. Agatha and the Truth of Murder shows Agatha reading R.U.R. to her daughter Rosalind. Mother/Android reveals Arthur is an android while discussing Čapek's work. Entropics musical was written and performed in Chicago in 2024 based on the play. The Capek typeface designed in 2024 draws from the first edition cover. Detroit: Become Human builds around rebellion by androids becoming sentient.

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